
Class £l/z.<Z.TJ 

Book , 5"? 



Copyright N°. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



EDITED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE 

MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT 

OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 



SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 



REQUEST FOR INFORMATION 



Send this to the Secretary of your denominational 
mission board whose address is in the " List of 
Mission Boards and Correspondents " at the end of 
the book. 



Dear 



I want to form a mission study class on the 
text-book, South American Neighbors, in our 

church, and desire "Suggestions for Leaders" and 
other material that will help me in organizing and 
conducting it. 

Very sincerely yours, 



Name. 



Street and Number 

City or Town State. 

Church 



SOUTH AMERICAN 
NEIGHBORS 



BY 

HOMER C. STUNTZ 



NEW YORK 
MISSIONARY EDUCATION MOVEMENT 
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 

1916 



*4 



^1 



Copyright, i 916, by 

Missionary Education Movement of the 
United States and Canada 



i 




JUN 13 1916 


©CU4333U1 


4 


"VVo I * 






CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 

Foreword ix 

I The Continent of To-Morrow i 

II Glimpses of Four Centuries 25 

III Some Social Factors 49 

IV The Spirit of the Pioneers 73 

V Present-Day Religious Problems 97 

VI Educating a Continent 123 

VII The Evangelical Message and Method 149 

VIII The Panama Congress and the Outlook 173 

Appendixes 

A Population and School Statistics 201 

B Statistics of Protestant Missions 202 

C Bibliography 208 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Latin American Delegates, Panama Congress, 1916. .Frontispiece 

Docks and Flour Mills, Buenos Aires 12 

Mammoth Grain Elevators, Buenos Aires 12 

Municipal Theater, Sao Paulo 16 

Avienda Rio Branca, Rio de Janeiro 16 

Inca Street and Wall 34 

Panorama of Cuzco 34 

Simon Bolivar 3& 

D. F. Sarmiento 38 

Francisco Pizarro 38 

Dom Pedro II 38 

Statue of San Martin, Mendoza, Argentina 44 v 

European Immigrant Girls Picking Grapes 5 2 

Italian Immigrants Showing Their Products 52 

Indian Types 5& r ' 

Rev. Thomas B. Wood 94 

Rev. David Trumbull 94 

Roman Catholic Cathedrals 102 * 

Corpus Christi Procession 106 

Dancing Before Virgin 106 

Virgin in Church 106 

Indians and Idols 106 

Children of Illustrious Families, Rio de Janeiro 128 

Public School in a New Section, Argentina 128 

National University and Congress, Caracas 134 

Palace of Fine Arts, Rio de Janeiro 134 

Mackenzie College 142 

Bible Colporteurs 158 

Episcopal Church, La Boca Del Monte, Brazil 162 

Presbyterian Church, Valparaiso, Chile 162 

Map End ^ 



FOREWORD 

This is the best hour in all history for a fresh 
interpretation of the missionary opportunity in South 
America. As never before South America is in the 
eye of North America. 

With Europe and not with North America have 
been the relations, the sympathies, and the business of 
South America. British and German capital have 
built the South American railways and financed her 
foreign banks and importing concerns. From Spain, 
Portugal, and Italy have come her settlers. European 
books, European ideals, European social and political 
forms, have dominated and still dominate the South 
American people. 

Meanwhile North America had vast problems to 
solve, and gave little thought to the possibilities in the 
southern half of the western world. 

But new factors have been thrust into the equation. 
These factors are powerful and affect world condi- 
tions profoundly. A wholly new interest is felt in 
South America. It is about us like a rising tide. 

Shall this new interest be commercial and diplo- 
matic only? Will Christian men and women permit 
the lure of gain or the chance for political advantage 
to be the chief expressions of North American interest 
in her sister continent? Shall our Churches permit 
the impact of the new commercial invasion of South 
America by our manufacturers, our merchants, and 
our banks to be delivered without seeking to Christian- 

ix 



x FOREWORD 

ize that impact? Shall the nations of the southern 
half of our hemisphere be filled with hosts from other 
lands, while Christ's followers stand idle, and neither 
attempt to create a favorable spiritual atmosphere for 
their reception nor meet them in love as they come? 

This new interest in South America is of God. He 
has great designs of grace for its peoples. It is for 
us to be wise in the day of his power. 

That this may be set toward accomplishment this 
book has been prepared. It has been written in the 
crowded hours of a busy year spent in serving South 
America. No one can be more aware of its limitations 
and defects than the writer. 

Without the efficient help of my daughter, Mrs. 
Clara Stuntz Hunter, who spent more than a year 
teaching in Montevideo, Uruguay, the work could not 
have been done. 

Acknowledgment is gladly made of most valuable 
information secured from nearly all of the volumes 
named in the bibliography which appears in Appendix 
C. The publications of The Pan American Union have 
been freely used. Special help has been derived from 
the Reports of the eight Commissions of the Congress 
on Christian Work in Latin America (Panama, Feb. 
10-20, 1916). But four years of contact with the 
people in nearly all parts of the continent gave the best 
material that may be found in the book. 

Homer C. Stuntz 

New York City 
May 20, 1916, 



THE CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 

South America has been called "The Neglected 
Continent." Another author calls it "The Continent 
of Opportunity." Thinking men everywhere are 
recognizing that its vast areas and immense resources 
make it certain that South America will witness greater 
economic, educational, and social development within 
this century than any other continent of the world. 

The world has not yet taken South America seri- 
ously. In North America we have classed all the 
republics from Venezuela and Colombia to Argentina 
together, and have spoken of them in slighting terms. 

Some who pass for cultured men and women are 
satisfied to remain in densest ignorance of the geog- 
raphy, resources, commerce, educational advance, and 
social progress of these growing Latin countries. They 
think of them as lying in the tropics, and chiefly in- 
habited by illiterate brigands, whose trade is not worth 
cultivating and whose political future is negligible in 
world affairs. 

A prominent business man in New York state re- 
fused to make a subscription to a college enterprise in 
a large city in one of the South American republics, 
giving as his reason that he did not care to invest any 



2 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

money in countries "where they had a revolution every 
month/ ' As a matter of fact, in that particular re- 
public there has been no political disturbance greater 
than a local riot for thirty-two years! 

One of the largest publishing houses in New York 
City recently received a book order from a gentleman 
living in Buenos Aires. Whoever handled the order 
must have had it firmly fixed in his mind that Buenos 
Aires is in Brazil, for he wrote asking the person who 
had sent the order this question : "Will you kindly let 
us know at which of the following stations you can 
call to get this package: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, 
Bello Horizonte, Bahia, Pernambuco, and Para? We 
ask that you write the postal authorities at the nearest 
of the above stations and make arrangements to have 
the books forwarded from that place to you, writing 
tis and informing us where to ship them." None of 
the towns mentioned is within two thousand miles of 
Buenos Aires, and one is at least three thousand miles 
away, or farther than from New York to San 
Francisco. 

A manufacturer in Chicago determined to get a 
share of South American trade, and as a first effort 
had something like a carload of literature printed. It 
was most attractively prepared with beautiful photo- 
gravures and concise, well-put statements of the ad- 
vantages gained by those who used the machinery 
turned out at his factories. But it was all printed in 
English! When North America takes the South 
American continent and people seriously, there will be 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 3 

some hope of mutual trade expansion and missionary 
development. 

It is a mistake to think of the South American 
countries as a unit. We would not think in that way 
of North America, with its Central American States, 
Mexico, United States, Canada, and Alaska, with a 
climate varying from Panama to Greenland. South 
America contains ten republics — Venezuela, Colombia, 
Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, 
Peru, and Ecuador; and the three Guianas, French,. 
Dutch, and British colonies — with a climate varying 
from tropic heat to arctic cold. 

Vast Areas 

The area of South America confounds North 
American observers. We have lived in a fool's para- 
dise, having been deceived by the makers of maps, 
who have shown the United States and Canada on a 
scale twice and even ten times larger than that used 
in maps of South American republics. This has led 
us to suppose that the nations of South America were 
small. We have thought of Bolivia, for example, as a 
little country, but it is larger than Japan, Austria- 
Hungary, and Italy combined. 

Peru has more square miles than all of the United 
States from Nova Scotia to the west line of Indiana 
and from the Gulf to Canada. Argentina is one third 
as large as the Dominion of Canada. Or, to put it 
another way, Argentina is as large as twenty-five 



4 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Pennsylvanias or twenty- four New Yorks. Sweden 
-can be lost twice in Venezuela and still leave room for 
Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The entire 
United States of America could be dropped into Brazil 
and have enough room left for Germany and Portugal. 
Chile is the longest and narrowest republic in the 
world. It consists of the western slope of the Andes 
Mountains, and beginning at the Strait of Magellan 
runs north twenty-seven hundred miles, as far as from 
St. John's, Newfoundland, to Calgary in Alberta. 

The distances between different parts of the con- 
tinent stagger us. When we try to measure distance 
by the time necessary to cover it, the impression grows, 
as neither steamers nor trains make as rapid time in 
southern waters and on southern railways as they do 
in the North Atlantic and in northern Europe and the 
United States. The writer has had duties in Panama 
and also in Paraguay. Taking a steamer at Panama 
and proceeding by ship all the way to Asuncion, the 
capital of Paraguay, tarrying at ports only to dis- 
charge and receive mail and cargo, more time is con- 
sumed than is needed to travel from New York by 
way of Gibraltar to Bombay, India, and back again to 
London. 

South America has 7,276,000 square miles as against 
8,559,000 square miles in North America. Its one 
great range of mountains is the Andes, and that is 
pushed to the extreme western edge of the continent. 
Millions of acres are available for cultivation in the 
rich valleys hidden away in this mountain chain, and 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 5 

nearly all the remainder of the continent is free for 
the uses of man. 

Great sections of southern Brazil and practically 
all of Uruguay and Argentina consist of compara- 
tively level prairie land. The arable area of Peru 
equals the combined states of Oregon, Washington, 
Idaho, and California, and only seven per cent, of it 
has thus far been improved. Nowhere else in the 
world in such favorable climatic conditions are there 
such stretches of fertile prairie country. Land is the 
great asset of a nation's wealth. Command of the soil 
means domination of the earth. In the vastness of 
her mountains, valleys, and prairies lies the first sig- 
nificance of South America's future relation to the 
world. 

Natural Resources 

It is wholly within the facts to say that no part of 
the earth's surface is more richly endowed with min- 
erals, fertile soil, forests, natural waterways, and 
climatic advantages, than South America. Practically 
every one of the useful minerals is found there, and 
many of them in abundance. 

Gold is found in every South American state. The 
hills of the Guianas are still seamed with the yellow 
metal, though early discoverers began tearing open 
those hillsides in a mad search for it. Even in Tierra 
del Fuego, Indians wash out enough gold in a day to 
make good wages. Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, 
Bolivia, and Venezuela are rich in the precious metal. 



6 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

The Inca-Oro gold mine of Bolivia is using the most 
modern machinery in a mine in which pre-Inca, Inca, 
and Spanish miners dug miles of tunnels in extracting 
gold during unknown centuries. Their mining engineer 
testifies that the full capacity of their present plant 
will be taxed for some years to work over the quartz 
which was rejected by miners of other years, and that 
the rich veins show no signs of being exhausted. It 
was in Cuzco, the ancient capital of Peru, that the 
Spanish found those massive gold plates blazing on 
the walls of the Temple of the Sun, and the table 
services of solid gold which had been prepared for 
the use of the royal head of the empire of the Incas. 

South America produces fifteen million ounces of 
silver annually. The famous mine at Potosi in Bolivia 
stands in the public mind as a synonym for silver. A 
recent visit paid to a silver mine near Oruro in Bolivia 
disclosed the fact that silver has been taken from that 
same mine for at least two thousand years and that 
"the visible supply" does not appear to be diminished. 

Copper is there in greater quantities than in the 
mines of Michigan, Montana, or Arizona. It is found 
chiefly in the west coast republics, in the Andean range r 
at from nine to fourteen thousand feet elevation. 
Even this metal is mixed with silver in nearly all the 
known deposits. In one mine in Peru enough silver is 
mined with the copper to pay all the expenses of 
mining, shipping the ore to the coast, from the coast 
to the smelter in North America, and to cover the 
entire cost of smelting in addition. At a place called 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 7 

Chucacamati in northern Chile, the Guggenheim syndi- 
cate is building a copper mining plant equipped for 
several thousand workmen. It is estimated that they 
will spend on machinery and buildings $4,000,000 be- 
fore a penny of profit is expected. The same syndicate 
is working a copper mine of almost fabulous wealth 
at Rancagua, a few hours' railroad journey south of 
Santiago. 

If the diamond deposits in central Brazil were 
worked as efficiently as those of Kimberley, the 
splendor of the individual stones and the total yield 
would not suffer in comparison with its South African 
competitor. The rapid development of diamond min- 
ing in this Brazilian field has called into existence a 
modern city called Diamantina. 

Colombia has the largest known deposits of emer- 
alds. The mines are only seventy-five miles from 
Bogota, the capital. Despite the inefficient methods 
of working the mines and the lack of adequate trans- 
portation facilities for mining machinery, laborers, 
or product, these mines yield 700,000 carats of precious 
stones annually. 

Coal in large quantities is now being mined on the 
coast of Chile, south of Valparaiso. It is shipped 
from the two ports, Lota and Coronel. The veins of 
coal run out under the Pacific Ocean, and miners* 
mules haul their loaded trucks from under the waters 
of that ocean. Coal of a better quality is found far 
back in the interior of Brazil, and on the east side of 
the Andean range in northern Argentina, Bolivia* 



8 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Peru, and Ecuador. Those most familiar with the 
coal deposits declare that this fuel is so abundant in 
the southern continent that the needs of both Americas 
could be supplied from deposits in South America if 
all other sources were exhausted. 

These statements read strangely when it is known 
that practically all the coal now used in eastern South 
America is imported from Europe or Australia. The 
explanation is simple. South American coal deposits, 
so far as they have been discovered, lie far back in 
the interior in a mountainous country behind' almost 
illimitable tracts of marsh and forest. Capital has 
not been forthcoming to build the lines of railway 
necessary to take in the machinery for working these 
veins of coal and to haul out the product. But railway 
lines are steadily approaching these great coal-fields, 
and within a decade or two little or no coal will be 
imported for the use of the east coast countries. The 
mines of Chile will be increasingly able to supply the 
west coast demands. 

Iron is found in Chile in great abundance. In the 
province of Coquimbo, one night's steamer journey 
north of Valparaiso, there is a range of hills assaying 
a high percentage of pure iron. The Bethlehem 
Steel Company has purchased this immense deposit of 
iron ore, and is now building its own town for work- 
men, its own railway to the coast, and its private docks 
with modern appliances for loading ore. They are 
also constructing several steel steamers to bring this 
ore through the Panama Canal in competition with 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 9 

the ores of the United States. A mining engineer of 
large experience estimates that there is ore enough 
in that one province to supply the iron and steel works 
at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, for seventy-five years. 

More tin is produced in Bolivia than in Cornwall, 
England, and Australia combined. Fortunes have 
been made and are being made in working these tin 
mines, though but a few of them have been opened, 
and only here and there are mining operations con- 
ducted with adequate machinery and modern adminis- 
tration. 

Oil is found in several places. The first oil field 
to be developed was on the north coast of Peru where 
for nearly one hundred miles derricks and oil tanks 
can be seen from the deck of every passing steamer. 
The product is taken in tank steamers to refineries in 
California or sold along the coast to an increasing 
number of oil-burning steamships. Within ten years 
extensive deposits of petroleum have been discovered 
in southeastern Argentina. The Argentine govern- 
ment has surrounded the operation of these oil wells 
with so many difficulties by hampering legislation that 
their development has been slow. Capital has been 
frightened ; but when the European War sent the price 
of coal mounting into high figures, those who operate 
the oil fields were able to secure exemptions from the 
more burdensome of these restrictions and petroleum 
is now beginning to compete with coal as a fuel in the 
manufacturing industries of Argentina and Uruguay. 

Chile produces vast quantities of nitrates, manufac- 



io SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

turing them from a deposit called caliche (ca-leech'-e). 
The amount of capital invested in this business runs 
into tens of millions of dollars. The output in the last 
year before the European War was valued at 
314,000,000 pesos 1 ($113,000,000). It is one of the 
best known fertilizers and has been extensively used 
in France, Germany, England, and the United States. 
By a different treatment of caliche, saltpeter is pro- 
duced, while iodine is a by-product of great value. 
All the manufacturers of explosives in the world look 
to Chile for much of their raw material. Experts 
declare that the known deposits of caliche will last 
another hundred years at the present rate of con- 
sumption. Besides these metals, platinum, lead, mer- 
cury, tungsten, bismuth, antimony, and vanadium are 
also found. 

But, rich as are the mines of South America, the 
wealth in her soil and her forests is far greater. The 
fertility of the soil both in tropical and temperate 
areas may be judged from the great yields in sugar, 
coffee, rubber, rice, wheat, corn, tobacco, alfalfa, and 
other crops. In 1914 Brazil exported 11,271,000 sacks 
of coffee, weighing about one hundred and thirty 
pounds each, and only a very small fraction of the 
land adapted to raising coffee is under cultivation. In 
northern Argentina in the sugar producing province of 
Tucuman the total output of sugar in the same year 



1 Peso is the Spanish word for the unit of currency corre- 
sponding to the "dollar" in most South American countries. 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW n 

was 220,000 tons. Enough sugar is grown in one 
province of Argentina each year to sweeten the year's 
production of Brazilian coffee. The table-lands of 
central and southern Brazil, averaging from 3,000 to 
4,500 feet above the sea, constitute one of the finest 
agricultural areas in the world. Wheat, corn, alfalfa, 
oats, and all kinds of clover and root crops give as 
large yields as the same crops when cultivated in 
Illinois, Ohio, Iowa, Ontario, or Georgia. The 
tropical sections of Brazil and all of Venezuela and 
Colombia yield rice J cotton, tobacco, and tropical fruits 
of all kinds wherever these are well cultivated. 

The west coast of Peru grows cotton of the longest 
and finest staple known. There is an abundant supply 
of water for irrigation pouring down the mountain- 
side from "the eternal snows" on the Andean summits. 
Millions of acres of irrigable land are still available 
for the growth of this fine quality of cotton. 

But it is in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, 
and southern Chile that one finds the great fertile 
areas of South America in a climate of the most 
favorable kind. 

The rapidity with which raw prairie land in Argen- 
tina is being converted into productive farms may be 
seen from the fact that, although Canada has increased 
the number of acres under plow seventy-five per cent, 
in the last twelve years, Argentina has increased the 
number of acres under plow two hundred and seventy- 
eight per cent, in the same period. 

Remembering that large discounts need to be made 



12 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

for heat in northern Argentina and the cold as we 
approach the Strait of Magellan, it is nevertheless 
true that Argentina has the soil of Illinois and the 
climate of Southern California. Couple this with the 
fact that it enjoys an average rainfall of from twenty- 
five to sixty inches except in the arid regions near the 
base of the Andes Mountains, and it will be seen that 
Mr. John Foster Fraser is quite right in naming his 
new book on that country The Amazing Argentine. 

It is amazing. In the line of agricultural develop- 
ment there is nothing so amazing in the history of 
nations. Not even in North America was the de- 
velopment so rapid as that which has taken place in 
Argentina and Uruguay in the last twenty-five years. 

Mr. Frank W. Harding, Secretary of the American 
Shorthorn Association, returned to the United States 
in September, 1915, after several weeks given to the 
study of the cattle business in Argentina. Wheat and 
meat, he says, form the backbone of the agricultural 
wealth of that vast country, with wool standing next 
in importance. 

Though much corn is produced, very little is fed to 
cattle, as practically all the beef of that country is 
grass fattened. Mr. Harding says that the acreage 
of alfalfa is enormous. Most of the millions of cattle 
marketed there are finished on this legume. He at- 
tended the Palermo stock show in Buenos Aires, where 
1,200 shorthorn cattle were on exhibition. The ani- 
mals drawing first and second prizes sold at auction 
for $25,000 and $18,000. 




1 lJEz 




C'vurighlby Keustone View Co. 



DOCKS AND FLOUR MILLS, BUENOS AIRES 
MAMMOTH GRAIN ELEVATORS, BUENOS AIRES 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 13 

Mr. Harding makes the unqualified statement that 
he never before had seen such uniformly high-class 
cattle. He reports that the largest dairy in the world 
is near Buenos Aires. It is the "La Martona" dairy, 
where seven thousand cows are milked daily. They 
are handled upon an estate of 20,000 acres, most of 
which is in alfalfa. Within twenty-five years Argen- 
tine beef and mutton have driven North American 
competition out of Europe. During the first year in 
which that country began to sell its chilled meat in 
the United States the total sales reached $27,000,000. 
Argentine corn and wheat are being imported into the 
United States, and the fertility of these vast stretches 
of black prairie soil has only begun to make itself felt 
in the markets of the world. 

Within the last ten years 1 the export value of live 
stock products has increased from $125,000,000 to 
$180,000,000, and agricultural products from $105,- 
000,000 to $265,000,000. There are 30,000,000 cattle 
in the republic, 12,000,000 horses, and 80,000,000 
sheep. While the value of export mutton remains 
very much what it was ten years ago, the value of 
chilled and frozen beef has risen from $7,500,000 to 
over $30,000,000 a year. England is only three weeks 
from Buenos Aires, and great ships laden with chilled 
meat are timed to arrive at London and other Euro- 
pean ports with the accuracy of express trains. It is 
impossible to go through the packing-houses at La 



1 Period ending 1913. 



i 4 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Plata, Buenos Aires, and Montevideo, or to visit the 
huge grain elevators at Buenos Aires, Rosario, and 
Bahia Blanca, pouring golden streams of wheat into 
the holds of Atlantic liners "without the imagination 
being stimulated while standing on the threshold of 
this new land's possibilities/' 

The astonishing economic growth of Brazil, Uru- 
guay, and Argentina has been due chiefly to three 
causes : 

i. The discovery of the process of making artificial 
ice. European countries may quarantine live cattle 
from eastern South American ports because of the 
prevalence of cattle diseases, but their ports are wide 
open to chilled meat from cattle killed under proper 
inspection. Thirty years ago a beef animal could be 
bought for about the price of its hide, horns, and hoofs, 
or from $5 to $10. To-day a similar animal is worth 
from $75 to $100. The difference has been made 
possible by the use of refrigerator ships. 

2. The rapid extension of railways. Argentina is 
gridironed with railway tracks. Great Britain has 
furnished the capital. The idea was given by William 
Wheelwright, who had come from the United States 
and knew how railways were stimulating the agri- 
cultural development of his own country. Returning, he 
sought to interest American capital in railway building 
in Argentina. Failing to do so and determined not to 
be beaten, he went to England and secured the needec^ 
funds to begin railway extension in the River Plata 
area. Americans missed one of the greatest oppor- 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 15 

tunities in their history when they remained deaf to 
the plea of William Wheelwright. If they had seen 
the opportunity which he offered to them and had 
gone to South America, the mutual relations of the 
two continents might now be vastly different. When 
the British had caught a glimpse of the profits to be 
made in freight and passenger traffic, they poured out 
their gold. For forty years a mile of railroad wa£ 
laid down in the Argentine Republic for every day, 
and during later years this has increased to three, 
miles a day. 

Brazil ranks twelfth among the nations of the world 
in its railway mileage, having increased from g]/ 2 
miles in 1854 to over 15,445 miles of railway in 19 14. 
Argentina leads in mileage, with an increase from 
154 miles in 1865 to 21,880 miles in 19 14. Chile has 
5,008 miles in operation, while Colombia has only 708. 
Chile is the only one of the South American republics 
which has insisted upon building and operating prac- 
tically all of its lines. 

3. Navigable rivers and ocean approaches. Brazil 
alone has 10,000 miles of rivers navigable for ocean 
steamers, and 50,000 additional navigable miles for 
light-draught vessels and fiatboats. Ocean steamers 
can traverse almost the entire Amazon, sailing 
without danger over 2,500 miles from the coast. 
It attains a depth of from 240 to 1,625 feet. The 
Amazon has been well named "The Liquid Equator." 
At Iquitos, in Peru, on the Amazon within 500 miles 
of the Pacific Ocean, vessels from Atlantic waters 



16 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

discharge and load from the wharves at that great new 
steaming city near the Andean base. And in the 
south the Parana is regularly navigated by steamers 
from the mouth below Buenos Aires, 2,400 miles, or 
well into the heart of Brazil. Nearly all of the 
80,000,000 pounds of crude rubber, shipped from 
Brazil in 1914, found its way to market by means of 
these natural waterways. The Rio de la Plata is 
120 miles wide at the mouth, or as far as from New 
York to Cape May. There are over twenty steamship 
lines from Europe and twelve steamship lines from 
North America. 

From this total of actual and potential resources 
great discounts must be made. Millions of acres in 
Brazil lie so low as to be little better than marshes. 
Almost impenetrable jungles, wide and rainless deserts 
like those of Atacama and Tarapaca in northern Chile 
fill the traveler with disappointment. Malaria and 
other tropical diseases are unchecked over wide spaces 
otherwise inviting. Savage and half-savage Indians 
roam unhindered over Amazonian areas as large as 
some of the North American provinces or states. But 
when all the discounts have been made, the great fact 
still confronting us is the vastness and richness of 
South America. 

"Latin America may already be considered as inde- 
pendent, from the agricultural point of view; it pos- 
sesses riches which are peculiar to it ; coffee to Brazil ; 
wheat to the Argentine; sugar to Peru; fruits and 
rubber to the tropics. ... It may rule the markets 




Copyright by Keystone View Co. 

MUNICIPAL THEATER, SAO PAULO 
AVIENDA RIO BRANCA, RIO DE JANEIRO 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 17 

of the world. The systematic exploitation of its mines 
will reveal treasures which are not even suspected/ ' l 

Sparsity of Population 

Resources so rich and on a scale so vast guarantee 
a population far more numerous than that now found 
in South America. Argentina, with a territory as 
large as the United States east of Omaha, has only 
8,000,000 people, or 1,000,000 less than the state of 
New York. If Argentina were populated as densely 
as Japan, her census would show 412,816,000 people. 
If Brazil had as many people to each square mile as 
Massachusetts, her population would reach the astound- 
ing total of 1,345,538,000, or but 350,000,000 less 
than the population of the whole world. Certain and 
rapid growth in population over areas so fertile and in 
a climate so favorable is something about which we 
do not need to prophesy. People are coming now by 
the hundreds of thousands. There are nearly 500,000 
Italians in and near Buenos Aires. Spaniards are 
coming, also Germans, English, Hollanders, and 
Scandinavians, but thus far there is no immigration 
movement from North America. It is probable that 
for some generations to come the operations of econo- 
mic law will send Europeans rather than North 
Americans to avail themselves of the resources of the 
southern continent. 

There are two distinct fields for immigration in 



L Calderon, Latin America: Its Rise and Progress, 386. 



18 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

South America : first, the tropical and heavily wooded 
areas of Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, equatorial 
Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. This section is better 
adapted to Negroes, East Indians, and to those whose 
ancestors have long been accustomed to tropical con- 
ditions. White immigrants will hardly thrive in this 
portion of the continent. 

The second field is the temperate prairie and forest 
regions of Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and 
southern Chile, and those sections of the Andean 
Plateau which are not over 10,000 feet above sea 
level. These portions of the continent offer congenial 
surroundings to immigrants from cooler climates. 
Either by latitude or altitude climatic conditions in 
these areas are similar to those found in northern 
Europe and North America. 

Carefully prepared estimates put the population of 
these climatic zones, by the end of the present century, 
at not less than 100,000,000. Many believe this esti- 
mate too conservative and would place the total at 
not less than 150,000,000. The unoccupied land in 
South America lies within easy reach of Europe, and 
sooner or later must be settled and cultivated. The 
terrible war now raging in Europe will tend to in- 
crease rather than diminish the flood of immigrants. 
These will seek to repair their broken fortunes, and 
rebuild their shattered homes in South America. Asia 
is fully populated. Africa is fully exploited. North 
America is restless. And South America is the only 
spot on earth capable of offering homes to land-hungry 



CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 19 

men from all climates. Australia and Canada cannot 
offer to the Italian, the Spaniard, the Frenchman, the 
Turk, and the inhabitants of the Balkan states such a 
congenial field as is open to them on the roomy con- 
tinent where "the Latins are blooming again." 

Signs of Nezv Interest 

The attention of North Americans is being called 
to South America as never before. The completion 
of the Panama Canal has been a powerful factor in 
bringing this to pass. The visit of Mr. Elihu Root, 
while serving as the Secretary of State of the United 
States, and subsequent visits by Mr. William Jennings 
Bryan, Colonel Roosevelt, and Lord Bryce have deep- 
ened the impressions made by earlier visits. In the 
spring of 19 13 the Boston Chamber of Commerce sent 
a number of its own members and a few specialists in 
various lines of research on a tour of the continent by 
way of Panama. 

The Illinois Manufacturers' Association sent a large 
delegation soon afterward by way of Brazil and 
Argentina. Members of this association returned to 
the United States convinced of the rich opportunities 
of trade which face the exporter who has the business 
acumen necessary to select trained agents, prepare 
literature, and otherwise adapt himself to the com- 
mercial conditions of the southern continent. 

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 
inaugurated and carried through an educational pil- 



20 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

grimage under the leadership of Professor Harry 
Erwin Bard in the summer of 1914. "The object in 
view was to secure the presence in various widely 
scattered educational institutions in the United States 
of men who had seen South America with their own 
eyes, who could speak with some authority concerning 
the problems and activities of the other American 
republics/' Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler closes the 
preface to the report of this tour with these words: 
"The peoples of the several American republics are 
being each year drawn together more closely than 
ever before. So soon as they find ways and means of 
breaking through the barriers which have been erected 
by difference of language and by separate political 
and historical traditions and come to a complete under- 
standing of each other's civilization and plan of life, 
they will be able to exert a profound influence on the 
Old World because of their essentially identical ideas 
and their common devotion to free institutions." 

Tourists are rapidly discovering the scenic splendors 
of South America and are crowding the passenger 
vessels down both coasts, visiting the ruined cities of 
Peru, traveling under the very shadows of the Andes 
Mountains, and seeing the splendor of Rio de Janeiro 
and the vast pampas of Argentina, Uruguay, and 
Brazil with wondering eyes. 

More is being written and published about South 
America in a single month than w r as put in print in 
an entire decade a few years ago. Almost every 
magazine has an article on some section of South 






CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 21 

America. Lecturers are telling its story on a hundred 
platforms and before tens of thousands in Chautauqua 
audiences. A couple of enterprising men with South 
American experience have founded a monthly paper 
entitled South America, which is published in New 
York City in two editions, — one in English and one 
in Spanish. 

The National City Bank of New York City has 
entered deliberately upon a plan of establishing branch 
banks in the leading cities of that continent. Up to 
November, 19 14, practically all of the banking of the 
continent had been done by British and German insti- 
tutions. Within a year from the opening of the first 
branch bank it had been the means of negotiating 
loans aggregating $70,000,000 to Argentina alone, the 
first governmental loans ever negotiated in North 
America by a South American nation. 

This beginning of closer commercial relations be- 
tween the two continents has been greatly accentuated 
by the European War. Goods which South Americans 
had been buying in Europe must now be bought in 
North America. Money which could formerly be 
borrowed in almost any amount from European 
sources must now be sought from Canada and the 
United States. This fact involves us in responsibilities 
as well as in greater and closer commercial relations 
with South America. 

How can North American merchants get this trade ? 
First, understand it. One thing that cannot be "made 
in North America" is knowledge of foreign markets. 



22 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

They must be studied on the ground. Second, we 
must have warehouses there. They cannot wait on 
shipments from Canada and the United States. Third, , 
we must build up a Spanish-speaking selling agency. A 
And, calamity of calamities, we of the United States 
must not let the impression go out that we are trying . 
to take advantage of the present disabilities of Europe. 
We must secure the trade because it is there, not 
because the opposition is down and out. We must be 
sportsmen and stoop to nothing unworthy. 

The Pan-American Union, in Washington, District 
of Columbia, is the international organization and 
office maintained by the twenty-one American Repub- 
lics, controlled by a Governing Board composed of the 
diplomatic representatives in Washington of the Latin- 
American republics and the Secretary of State of the 
United States, administered by a Director and Assis- 
tant Director chosen by this Board, and assisted by a 
staff of statisticians, compilers, trade experts, trans- 
lators, editors, librarians, and clerks, and devoted to 
the development and conservation of commerce, 
friendly intercourse, and good understanding among 
all the American republics. 

Several conferences have been held of international 
significance, composed of the representatives of finan- 
cial, educational, and scientific leaders in North and 
South America. The First Pan-American Scientific 
Congress was held in Chile in 1908, and even before 
that gatherings of a similar character had been held, 
at which leaders of these countries had met and dis- 






CONTINENT OF TO-MORROW 23 

cussed prominent subjects of scientific interest. The 
first Pan-American Conference was convened in Wash- 
ington, District of Columbia, May 24-29, 1915, by the 
authority of the Congress of the United States, under 
the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. The 
Conference considered such subjects as the uniformity 
of laws relating to trade, commerce, the exchange of 
money, postage rates, uniform regulations for com- 
mercial travelers, and the extension of the procedure of 
arbitration for the adjustment of all commercial 
disputes. 

The Second Pan-American Scientific Congress was 
held in Washington, from December 27th, 1915, to 
January 7th, 19 16, and brought to this country a group 
of visitors from Latin America that was more broadly 
representative, not only of political and economic 
interests, but of educational, scientific, and humani- 
tarian activities generally, than any other group ever 
assembled in America. The scope of this Congress is 
indicated by its nine sections, each with its special 
committee and secretary and corps of assistants, and 
these sections, in turn, were subdivided into forty-five 
subsections. The subjects studied included anthro- 
pology and allied subjects, astronomy, meteorology, 
seismology, conservation of natural resources, agri- 
culture, irrigation, forestry, education, engineering, 
international law, public law, jurisprudence, mining 
and metallurgy, economic geology and applied chem- 
istry, public health, medical science, transportation, 
commerce, finance, and taxation. 



X 



24 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

And, to crown all, there was held in Panama, 
February 10-20, 191 6, the Congress on Christian Work 
in Latin America. This Congress did for the Latin 
American countries what the Edinburgh Conference, 
in 1910, did so worthily for the rest of the missionary 
world. A total of 481 delegates, of whom 230 were 
officially appointed by the denominational mission 
boards from practically all of the Christian countries 
of the world assembled to hear reports from com- 
missions on the survey and occupation of the field, 
the message and method of Christian work, education, 
literature, woman's work, the Church in Latin 
America, the activities of the mission boards at the 
home base, and close cooperation and union in a policy 
to possess the entire field. This Congress was held 
under the dominant impression that the present world 
situation has taught the world one supreme lesson, 
namely: that without Christ and his gospel, purely 
believed, faithfully obeyed, no science or culture or 
trade or diplomacy will avail to meet human need. 

In making out the case for South America as a field 
of missionary opportunity, it is concluded, that in a 
continent so roomy and so rich another century will 
witness a greater growth in population and a more 
rapid and significant political and social development 
than will take place in any other part of the world. 



II 

GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 

Two European nations in 1494 divided the control of 
South America between them — Portugal and Spain. 
Portugal imposed her rule and speech upon Brazil, 
while Spain dominated the remainder of the continent. 
We shall obtain the best perspective in our study of the 
four centuries which have passed since European occu- 
pation of that continent began if we study first Portu- 
guese South America, and then that portion of the 
continent which has been under Spanish rule and 
influence. 

Portuguese Influences 

The first Portuguese settlement was at Sao Vin- 
cento, near the present site of Santos in Brazil, the 
greatest coffee shipping port in the world. The Portu- 
guese pioneers were hardy and adventurous men. 
They soon discovered the fertile and salubrious plateau 
which runs parallel to the Atlantic coast through what 
is now central and southern Brazil. They pushed back 
and up into these higher and more beautiful lands, 
spreading to the north and south in their search for 
gold and for better pastoral and agricultural oppor- 
tunities. When news of the almost fabulous fertility 

25 



26 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

of the soil reached Portugal, the king endeavored to 
promote rapid settlement and improvement by granting 
lands, in almost boundless tracts, to his court favorites. 
This was the fundamental blunder of both Portugal 
and Spain in all their new possessions. The land was 
thus placed under the control of a few, and the blight- 
ing effect of this system of enormous land grants is 
still felt. 

The king of Portugal sent the first governor to the 
city of Bahia in 1549. Six Jesuit priests accompanied 
him, — the first to set foot on any part of the western 
hemisphere. Their activity, as we shall see later, has 
profoundly affected the welfare of the populations of 
all Latin America. This band of Jesuits pushed into 
the interior and joined with the early colonists in 
founding the city of Sao Paulo (St. Paul), which is 
now a modern city of half a million people and the 
center of the great coffee industry of Brazil. 

From the beginning the colonists and the Jesuits 
were at loggerheads. The priests were determined to 
prevent the exactions of forced labor from the Indians. 
The earlier colonists found it very profitable to have 
their land tilled for them by the Indians, and stub- 
bornly resisted the efforts of the priests. The latter 
proposed the importation of Negroes from Africa as 
the solution of the problem of unpaid labor. Thus 
there was fastened upon Brazil the curse of Negro 
slavery; and the social, political, and religious prob- 
lems thus created have been even more serious than 
that which the Jesuits sought to solve. 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 2j 

The Jesuits grew steadily in power and strove con- 
tinually to dominate the civil and even the military 
life of the countries in which they were settled. Noted 
for political intrigue, they were both feared and hated 
because of their growing power and of their rapidly 
increasing riches. The antagonism became increasingly 
bitter, and the new colony was torn with dissension. 
At last the colonists rose in their might and drove the 
Jesuits into Paraguay and to the northern province of 
what is now Argentina. That province is still named 
"Misiones," a constant reminder of this century-long 
struggle. 

In their new location the Jesuits established them- 
selves firmly, built large churches, convents, orphan- 
ages, and industrial structures, the ruins of which 
still interest and astonish the traveler. On the upper 
reaches of the Parana river they had thousands of 
docile and well-disciplined Indians working in their 
fields and worshiping in their churches. 

In 1759 the authorities of Brazil expelled the Jesuits 
from all Portuguese dominions, and in 1767 Spanish 
authorities drove them from all Spanish South 
America, confiscating their lands and property of 
whatever kind. 

The detailed history of their labors among the 
Indians abounds with examples of individual courage, 
patience, scholarship, and unselfish endeavor; but as 
an organization the Jesuits placed the welfare of their 
order and Church above all motives of patriotism or 
loyalty. Though they gave the Indian the nearest 



28 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

approach to justice he ever enjoyed, they did it by 
reducing him to blind obedience, making of him a 
tenant and servant. By their superior education they 
were enabled to rule great numbers of illiterate natives. 
The priest was governor, police, magistrate, and school- 
teacher, all in one. The Indians were easily induced to 
conform to the externals of the new faith. Their 
imaginations were captivated by the gorgeous cere- 
monials of worship and they soon became outwardly 
loyal to Christianity. 

With the expulsion of the Jesuits, the commercial 
and political development of the Portuguese settle- 
ments in what is now Brazil went forward rapidly. 
In spite of heavy and unreasonable exactions by the 
Portuguese crown, and in face of the fact that Portu- 
gal made Brazil the dumping-ground for her convicts, 
cities and towns sprang up as if by magic. 

Strangely enough the victories of Napoleon in 
^Europe forced a crisis in the affairs of Brazil. King 
John of Portugal and his entire court, unable to meet 
Napoleon's demands, fled from Lisbon and fixed their 
royal residence in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of their 
growing American colony. This coming of their king 
to live among them had the most astonishing effect 
upon the Portuguese of the New World. They were 
honored. They were flattered. They took fresh 
courage. They brought their grievances directly to 
the king. He was convinced of the great wrongs 
which had been perpetrated upon the colonists. He 
saw with his own eyes the evils which had resulted 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 29 

from using Brazil as a colony for convicts. Orders 
were issued bringing to an end the worst abuses under 
which the Brazilians had groaned. The king opened 
up the great ports to foreign commerce, established a 
national bank, rescinded the orders which forbade 
printing-presses, and invited immigration. 

This was in 1809 and 18 10, and the leaven of 
democracy had long been at work in the Portuguese 
mind. It had been brought from France by those 
who had been present during the terrible years of the 
French Revolution. It had been brought from North 
America by those who knew of the successful struggles 
of the colonies against England. If the king and his 
court had not come to Rio de Janeiro, the whole of 
Brazil would soon have risen in revolt. But the 
presence of royalty checked revolution, yet only for a 
time. By the beginning of 1821 the movement, which 
had long been working under the surface, burst forth. 
In Rio de Janeiro the troops and people arose in a 
night, demanding an unconditional promise from the 
king to approve any constitution which their im- 
promptu leader, Cortez, might frame. King John, 
frightened out of his wits, was willing to agree to 
anything, and escaped to Portugal with his family, 
leaving his eldest son, Pedro, as regent. 

Pedro was a handsome, dashing, unprincipled 
youth, wholly unfit to be the leader of such a people 
at such a crisis in their history. He threw himself 
into the hands of the revolutionists, and on the 12th 
of October, 1822, was crowned as Dom Pedro I, 



SO SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Constitutional Emperor of Brazil. Nine stormy years 
followed, but at the end of that period the country 
was worn out with an emperor who was at once a 
blatant demagog and a shameless libertine. In 1831 
mob violence and rioting broke out and Dom Pedro I 
was besieged in his palace. The troops which guarded 
his person went over to the popular party. About 
two o'clock in the morning, without apparent premedi- 
tation, he wrote and signed his abdication in favor of 
his young son, in the presence of the ministers of 
France and Great Britain. He was given a safe con- 
duct to Portugal, and disappeared from Brazil. 

Dom Pedro II ruled under a regency until he was 
fifteen years of age and on the 23rd of July, 1840, 
assumed his imperial state. His first act on assuming 
power was to forbid any of his relatives or any of the 
employees of his household to ask any favors of him 
in regard to public affairs. Brazil had no serious 
internal disturbances during his reign. An era of 
great prosperity set in. The evils of the slav€ trade 
so deeply impressed him that in 1850 he forbade the 
further importation and sale of Negroes. In 1876 Dom 
Pedro visited the Centennial Exposition in Phila- 
delphia, impressing President Grant, the officers of the 
exposition, and all who met him, as a man of a keen 
brain and of sterling worth. 

In 1887 the emperor, in failing health, went to 
Europe, leaving the Princess Isabella as regent. He 
had intended to emancipate all the slaves in Brazil, 
but had hesitated for certain prudential reasons. Dur- 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 31 

ing his absence Princess Isabella forced the issue, and 
on May 13, 1888, a law granting immediate and un- 
compensated emancipation of all slaves in Brazil passed 
both Houses and was signed by the princess. 

Her most fanatical adherence to Jesuitical teach- 
ing made her both feared and hated by the public. 
Thev feared that if she succeeded to the throne 
she would prove to be another Bloody Mary. The 
emperor returned only to find the country ablaze 
with insurrection. Everywhere the people were de- 
termined upon the overthrow of the monarchy. On 
November 14, 1889, rebellion broke out, a provisional 
government w r as organized, and Brazil became a federal 
republic. The emperor accepted the situation, declar- 
ing that he would not allow himself to become the 
cause of the shedding of blood. He recognized that 
republican principles had been adopted by the majority 
of his people, and offered no opposition to the estab- 
lishment of a republican form of government. With 
outward evidence of respect, and even of affection, 
Dom Pedro II was placed on board a ship during the 
night of the 16th of November, 1889, and sent to 
Lisbon. With his departure all traces of monarchical 
rule in South America disappeared, except in the two 
small colonies, British and Dutch Guiana. 

The figure of Dom Pedro II, constitutional emperor 
of Brazil, stands out among those who have ruled as 
viceroys, presidents, or governors, in the four cen- 
turies of Latin rule in South America, as Fujiyama 
dominates the landscape of Japan. Incorruptible 



32 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

honor, untiring industry, sound scholarship, and al- 
most perfect disinterestedness characterized the forty- 
nine years of his rule. 

Through many fluctuations of policy, marred by 
revolutions and insurrections from time to time, 
Brazil has progressed until she is now abreast of 
Argentina as a republic. If we are inclined to empha- 
size her lack of public order, to criticize her currency, 
or to point to the high percentage of illiteracy among 
her people, we do well to remember that she assumed 
her status as a republic less than thirty years ago; 
that her economic stability had been shaken to its 
foundation by the sudden emancipation of slaves in the 
preceding year; and we must give just praise to the 
Brazilian leaders who have achieved so much of public 
order, economic development, and educational progress 
in less than three decades and in the face of difficulties 
almost insurmountable. 

Spanish Influences 

The first Spanish settlement to be made on the 
shores of South America was established in 1508 
under the leadership of the intrepid adventurer Ojeda. 
In 15 13 Balboa cut his way through the almost im- 
penetrable jungle which covered the Isthmus of 
Panama, and discovered the Pacific Ocean. He 
waded into its waters and, with the cross in one hand 
and the flag of Spain in the other, claimed the ocean 
itself and all lands touched by its waters, in the name 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 33 

of the King of Spain. Five years later, Davila founded 
the old city of Panama about five miles from the site 
of the city which now bears that name ; and this city, 
together with Darien, became the two gateways 
through which commerce passed back and forth be- 
tween Spain and her new possessions in South 
America. 

By far the most dramatic and significant event in 
the entire conquest of South America was the swift 
and complete overthrow of the mighty Inca empire 
by Francisco Pizarro and his fellow adventurer, 
Almagro. Prescott has told this story and none who 
propose to know South America should fail to read 
its every page. 

Pizarro had grown up as a hostler and camp-fol- 
lower of the armies in Spain. At the beginning of 
his career he could neither read nor write, but he 
was made in a great mold and, as Kipling puts it in 
his "Gunga Din," 

"He didn't seem to know the use of fear." 

He was utterly without principle. He scrupled at 
nothing. Being in the company of adventurers at 
Panama and Darien, he heard repeated stories of the 
great Inca nation in the mountains farther south, — 
a mighty people of high civilization, possessing and 
operating mines of gold, of seemingly inexhaustible 
riches. Pizarro and Almagro formed a partnership 
with a priest who controlled large sums of money 
and, after several experimental expeditions during 



34 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

which they suffered indescribable hardships, landed on 
the west coast, about one thousand miles south of 
Panama, at a place called Tumbez. 

The iron will and desperate courage of Pizarro is 
shown in an incident which took place within a few 
weeks from his first landing at Tumbez. The food 
supply brought from Panama had been exhausted. For 
days Pizarro and his little company had lived upon roots 
and berries and such sea food as they could take with 
their hands. Tropical rain fell in torrents and they 
were without shelter. The heat was almost unbear- 
able, and scores of insects tormented them by night 
and day. Dissatisfaction was rife. Many were for 
abandoning the attempt to reach Peru. One day when 
the discussion had become stormy, Pizarro drew a 
line in the sand at right angles with the ocean. He 
was as hungry as any of his men and as destitute of 
clothing or shelter. The prospects of their expedition 
could have been no more gloomy to them than to him. 
But Pizarro stepped across the line he had drawn and, 
standing on the south side of it, called upon those who 
were determined to pursue their plans at all hazards to 
come over on his side. The majority followed him 
without hesitation; and the others took the ship, re- 
turned to Panama, and were never heard of again. 

He marched toward the interior with a force so 
ridiculously small that it still provokes amazement at 
what he later accomplished. He had but one hundred 
and two foot-soldiers and seventy-two horsemen and 
a few cannon. With this handful of men and guns he 



*•: 




■"r* 




-- 





IXCA STREET AND WALL 
PANORAMA OF CUZCO 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 35 

climbed steadily up the stone roads built by the Incas, 
and after weeks of perilous travel was received by the 
emperor in the public square of the city of Cajamarca. 
Atahualpa, the Inca emperor, lived in great state and 
was just at the close of a military campaign sur- 
rounded by tens of thousands of his trained soldiery. 
Neither he nor his people had ever seen white men 
or horses, nor had they ever heard the roar of cannon 
nor seen what was to them the miraculous results of 
powder and ball. Having nothing but contempt for 
any display of force which might be shown by such a 
little handful of men, Atahualpa received his visitors 
without taking the least precaution to safeguard his 
person. The formal salutations between Pizarro and 
the Inca ruler were outwardly cordial. He welcomed 
the strangers and Pizarro voiced the good-will of the 
King of Spain, under whose name he came to speak 
of the religion which they all hoped the Peruvians 
would later accept. The Spaniards were given quar- 
ters in the heart of the city, but before they retired 
the chiefs of the tiny invading force held a council of 
war. They were well aware of their desperate situa- 
tion. As they had ventured farther and farther into 
the interior of the country it had become increasingly 
clear that they were being lured to their destruction 
by fair words and glowing promises. Whether they 
were right or not, they felt that it was simply a ques- 
tion of whether they captured the person of the 
emperor, overawing the army by robbing it of its 
leader, or accepted the alternative of death before 



36 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

another sunset, after tortures of a kind to make the 
stoutest heart quail. Their plan was to rush upon him 
as soon as he appeared, firing their cannon, discharg- 
ing their muskets, and using their horses to charge the 
crowds which might rush to his rescue, but on no 
account to take his life. This plan was carried out 
to the letter, with a success so immediate and complete 
that it is still one of the marvels of a century of 
marvels. 

The emperor bore his capture with a dignity befitting 
his royal state, being apparently supported by the 
confidence that his followers would easily rescue him. 
Pizarro promised him his freedom if, as a ransom, 
he would fill a room thirty feet long and eighteen feet 
wide to the height of his shoulders with gold. Greedy 
as were the Spanish conquerors for the precious yellow 
stuff, their wildest flights of imagination had never 
pictured such fabulous riches. When runners had spent 
months in bringing solid gold plates wrenched from 
the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco, their capital, and 
vessels of massive gold from the royal residences and 
lesser temples, Pizarro,"with eyes that fed on splendor" 
until he was dazzled, trampled upon his promise and 
publicly strangled the unfortunate monarch in the 
presence of his sorrowing but irresolute followers. 
Immediately he proclaimed the rule of Spain over the 
entire kingdom of the Incas, taking possession of the 
reins of government as a representative of his 
sovereign. Almagro brought reinforcements from 
Panama, and the systematic reduction of the whole 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 37 

Andean plateau went forward with military precision 
and ruthless severity. One of his lieutenants was sent 
north and conquered what is now Ecuador, making 
his official residence in Quito. 

Pizarro went to Spain where he was laden with 
honors and where he assumed as much dignity and 
authority as if he had been born to the purple. The 
king appointed him viceroy of Peru with Almagro 
second in authority. On his return from Spain 
Almagro charged Pizarro with failure to secure 
adequate recognition and reward for him as a partner 
and fellow conqueror. The feud thus begun deepened 
with years and finally Pizarro brought his old friend 
to trial and had him executed. 

While still busy in completing his great plans for 
the subjection of the entire continent to the rule of 
his king, vengeance for his many crimes overtook 
Pizarro. The followers of Almagro, who called them- 
selves "The Men of Chile/' rushed upon Pizarro as 
he sat at dinner in the palace he had built in Lima and 
dashed his brains out upon the stone floor. The old 
lion died fighting and, in his death agonies, kissed the 
sign of the cross, which he had traced on the floor, in 
blood which flowed from his own veins. History 
furnishes no more significant comment upon that word 
of Scripture which says: "He that taketh the sword 
shall perish by the sword." 

In any attempt to judge this unique and forceful 
character, we should remember the lawless blood which 
flowed in his veins, the brutal associations amidst 



38 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

which he spent his early life, the sanction of his 
bloodiest deeds by the priests who accompanied his 
expeditions, and the whole spirit of the age in which 
he lived. Whatever else he may have been, he was a 
man of unusual personal force. We cannot interpret 
the history of one half of the western hemisphere 
without reckoning w x ith Francisco Pizarro, the illiterate 
and basely born peasant's son. 

The conquest of Chile was accomplished by Pedro 
Valdivia who, in 1546, subdued the country as far 
south as the Biobio river, nearly three hundred miles 
south of Santiago, the capital, after five years of 
stubborn resistance by the Indians of the central part 
of that country. Here he met the unconquerable 
Araucanians. Beyond this point he could not go. 
Again and again his battle-hardened Spanish veterans 
were hurled back by the only tribe of Indians on either 
continent who were never conquered by foreign arms. 
Valdivia contented himself with strengthening his 
government at Santiago, and, in the years immediately 
following, adventurous spirits from Chile and the con- 
quered country farther north found their way over 
the Andes Mountains and established the cities of 
Mendoza, Santiago del Estero, on the eastern Andean 
slope, and Cordoba, farther toward the Atlantic on 
the central plateau. In 1536, only four years after the 
conquest of Peru, Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos 
Aires, at the mouth of the La Plata river. 

"The rapidity with which the Spanish explorers 
overran the western and southern sections of the con- 




SIMON BOLIVAR 
D. F. SARMIENTO 



FRANCISCO PIZARRO 
DOM PEDRO II 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 39 

tinent is extraordinary. In fifty years they had laid 
the foundations of practically all the Spanish states 
which are now organized as nine independent re- 
publics. One reason for the rapidity of conquest was 
the fact that the Spaniards had not come as agricul- 
tural settlers, but as seekers of gold. . . . The new- 
comers passed on to their children no inheritance of 
industrious conflict with common conditions, no dis- 
position to seek wealth in the orderly development of 
common resources, no agricultural knowledge, but 
only the dominant ideas of quick action or feudal 
ease." * 

During two hundred and seventy-eight years, from 
that fateful November in 1532 when the Incas social- 
istic civilization fell into utter ruins at the first dis- 
charge of European cannon, cruelty followed cruelty, 
and misrule and intolerance reigned. Spain forbade 
non- Spanish immigration into that portion of the con- 
tinent which she controlled. Powerful viceroys and 
rich merchants in Peru influenced the Spanish Cortes 
to compel all merchandise for South American use to 
come by the way of Panama and Lima. For example, 
merchandise destined for Buenos Aires had to be taken 
to Panama, unloaded, packed upon mules, carried 
across the Isthmus, loaded on sailing vessels, and 
taken on a voyage of more than a month down the west 
coast to Callao, the port for Lima, Peru. Thence, it 
must go to the storehouses of the importer, and thence 



a Speer, South American Problems, 11. 



40 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

on muleback over the bleak and snowy summits of 
the Andes Mountains and across the deserts and 
prairies of Bolivia and the Argentine, arriving at its 
destination three months after leaving Lima. And 
all the time the river and the sea gave immediate 
access to Buenos Aires from any European port. The 
absurdity and injustice of this arbitrary interference 
with the natural currents of trade can only be appre- 
ciated by those who will take pains to use maps in their 
efforts to understand it. 

The tyrannies of Spain had become insupportable. 
All that North American colonists ever experienced 
of hardships and misrule at the hands of England were 
"as moonlight unto sunlight, and as water unto wine" 
compared to the cup of bitterness which Spain pressed 
to the lips of her South American subjects. Leaders 
in every part of her domain had long felt her heavy 
hand, and had secretly resolved to seek deliverance 
at the first opportunity. 

The Spirit of Independence 

The fires of revolution were first lighted in Vene- 
zuela. A native of Caracas, Francisco Miranda, was 
the leading spirit. Falling heir to estates of consider- 
able value, he was liberally educated in Europe. While 
in France he met the Marquis de Lafayette and ac- 
companied him when Lafayette placed his services at 
the disposal of George Washington. Through the 
influence of this gallant French leader, Miranda was 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 41 

given a place on Washington's personal staff, and saw 
two years of service in the Revolutionary War. 

His first attempt to secure the independence of 
Venezuela from Spain was made with New York as a 
base. Miranda sailed from there, early in 1806, with 
three ships manned by American filibusters, but his 
arrival was expected and he was beaten in a sea fight 
and sixty of his men were taken prisoners. Three 
months later he effected a landing and captured the 
city, but through lack of support was compelled to 
flee. He found his way to London and there organ- 
ized a secret company, enlisting among its number 
Simon Bolivar and Lieutenant-colonel San Martin, 
the latter a son of Argentine parents who had re- 
ceived a thorough education and military training in 
Spain. 

Bolivar was younger than Miranda by twenty-seven 
years. At the age of three he came into the posses- 
sion of immense estates. In Europe he played with 
the youth who became Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 
and almost worshiped Napoleon. Returning to New 
Granada, 1 he soon plunged into the struggle for Vene- 
zuelan independence. Brilliant successes in arms 
were followed by overwhelming defeats, but finally 
in the battle of Boyaca, in 18 19, he became master of 
the wealthiest and most populous part of that country 
at a single stroke. But it was not until the 8th of 
November, 1823, that Puerto Cabello was taken by 



Embraced Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. 



42 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

assault, and the weary struggle for independence in 
Venezuela was at an end. Spurred by these successes, 
Bolivar now dreamed and planned for the lifting of 
the Spanish yoke from all South America. 

In the meantime, the provinces of Rio de la Plata 
had rebelled against Spanish tyranny. On the 25th 
of May, 1 8 10, the struggle began in the city of Buenos 
Aires. Manuel Belgrano now came to the front as a 
leader. He had been educated in Spain and threw 
himself, with all his wealth, experience, and learning, 
into the cause of liberty. At Tucuman, in the north- 
west, the patriots issued a Declaration of Independence, 
and Belgrano secured a triumph over the Spanish 
army, his "gaucho cavalry, armed with knives and 
bolos, mounted on fleet little horses, carrying no bag- 
gage, and living on the cattle they killed at the end 
of each day's march, followed the fleeing Spaniards 
up into the mountains and inflicted enormous losses. 
The victory gave the Argentines for another year 
assurance against invasion by land, and Buenos Aires 
remained a focus whence anti-Spanish influence could 
spread over the rest of South America." * 

San Martin was the one far-seeing man in this 
group of eager but undisciplined patriots. He had no 
civil ambitions. One purpose animated him, and only 
one, and that was to clear the Spaniard off the con- 
tinent of South America. He was a soldier, and he 
trusted to military success entirely. From all accounts, 



Dawson, South American Republics, Vol. I, 94. 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 43 

he was much like General Grant, a silent man, with a 
horror of display, but with tremendous will power, 
and patience born of a large grasp of his problem. 
He selected the best youth of the Argentine region 
and proceeded to form them into real soldiers. Nearly 
five years were spent in perfecting his military ma- 
chine. He pruned his little force without mercy, 
cutting out the physically and morally unfit, until only 
those remained who were willing to pay the price of 
soldiership. 

The plan of General San Martin was singularly 
broad while perfectly simple. He recognized that 
Peru was the real center of Spanish power on the 
continent. He saw his problem as a whole, recog- 
nizing the futility of any victory in Argentina and 
Bolivia so long as Peru remained untaken. He saw 
also the impossibility of reducing Peru to submission 
by any approach from the east or south. His plan 
was to cross the continent where it was narrow, reduce 
Chile to submission, and proceed to Peru by the Pacific. 
He took his forces to the extreme west of Argentina, 
making his base at Mendoza, on the eastern slopes of 
the Andes Mountains. From there, by a sudden and 
unexpected march, he scaled the precipitous heights 
of the Andean Cordilleras, falling upon the Spanish 
forces in control in Chile at Chacabuco. The victory 
was immediate and decisive. It was not only decisive 
so far as the control of Chile was concerned, but 
proved to be a turning-point in the revolution. 

By the help of a gifted Irishman named O'Higgins 



44 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

and the Irish Admiral, Lord Cochrane, San Martin 
took his seasoned soldiers by the Pacific to Peru, where 
he utterly routed the Spanish troops and took posses- 
sion of both Peru and Bolivia. Thence he sailed 
north, meeting Simon Bolivar for the first time at 
Guayaquil in Ecuador. 

Bolivar had now decided to bring all Spanish- 
America together into one government, and apparently 
was determined to be its head. His plans were large, 
vague, and to the practical mind of San Martin, both 
unwise and impossible of realization. After several 
interviews San Martin recognized the impracticability 
of sharing with the imperious Bolivar in shaping civil 
government for the countries which his own military 
genius had wrested from the power of Spain. 

San Martin, rather than be a party to such broils 
and factions as had disgraced the revolutionary 
struggles in Argentina and New Granada, resigned 
his commission and returned to Paris. "Rather than 
precipitate a division between the patriots before the 
last Spaniard had been driven from South America, 
he submitted in silence to the reproach of cowardice. 
Rather than jeopardize independence, he sacrificed 
home, money, honors, even reputation itself." * The 
remainder of his life was spent in obscurity and 
poverty, his years of exile being rendered tolerable by 
the presence and ministrations of an only daughter. 
Neither continent of the western hemisphere has pro- 



^awson, South American Republics, Vol. I, 112. 




Copyright by Keystone View C< 



STATUE OF SAX MARTIN, MEXDOZA, ARGEXTIXA 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 45 

duced an abler soldier, and not Washington himself 
showed a more unselfish example of how a true patriot 
should serve a great cause. It is little wonder that his 
statue is found in the public square of almost every 
city and village throughout the continent, which now 
recognizes the splendid service he rendered. 

In Argentina there followed for fifty years a 
struggle which took two main directions : first, that of 
the states or provinces against the strong centralized 
government ; and, second, that of the army against the 
civil power. Not until 1862 could it be said that this 
strife was at an end. In 1868 General Sarmiento was 
elected President while he was serving as Argentine 
minister to the United States. His motto was, "Build 
schools and you'll end revolutions." 

Out of the chaos and bloodshed in Paraguay, two 
names interpret the first fifty years after the revolu- 
tion ended, — Dr. Francia and the Second Lopez. Dr. 
Francia is named by Carlyle as one of the greatest 
heroes of the race. Whether hero or tyrant, he ruled 
Paraguay with a rod of iron for twenty-five years, 
having no confidante and no assistant. Educated for 
the priesthood, his reading led him to regard the 
Jesuits as the greatest enemy of civil order, and the 
medieval ecclesiasticism in which they served as a 
social incubus. He was followed by a more enlightened 
ruler named Lopez, whose son precipitated a long war 
with Brazil, and during its process distinguished him- 
self above all other rulers in the western hemisphere 
for deliberate and fiendish cruelties. 



46 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Uruguay has had a less stormy history and has 
made progress as rapidly as her larger sister, Argen- 
tina. Uruguay has secured the practical disestablish- 
ment of the Roman Catholic Church, and in theory at 
least maintains a policy of separation between Church 
and state. 

Ecuador came under the rule of General Alfaro in 
the late eighties, and he ruled his country much as Diaz 
ruled Mexico. Alfaro forced the separation of Church 
and state, selected a noted Protestant missionary in 
the person of Dr. Thomas B. Wood as his agent in 
establishing a system of free public schools, and 
started his country on a modern career. But the 
clerical party brought about the overthrow of Alfaro. 
He was dragged from his carriage and beaten to death 
in the streets of Quito. This was done by a mob 
under the leadership of priests. The mob cut out his 
heart and severed his head, exposing them both on 
poles in the public square; and the country was again 
plunged into a series of revolutions from which it is 
only now emerging. 

This brief sketch of South American history leaves 
a few distinct impressions which have considerable 
bearing on the attitude of North America and South 
America toward each other. 

i. The traditions of the two Americas are different. 
The southern continent was occupied as the result of 
conquest by a few bloody and pitiless adventurers, in 
bold contrast with the liberty-loving founders of North 
America. The two continents look out on the world 



GLIMPSES OF FOUR CENTURIES 47 

from two different sets of eyes. How will a knowl- 
edge of these traditions help toward mutual under- 
standing? Here is the first point to be mastered by- 
all who seek sympathetic contact with our Southern 
neighbors. 

2. The type of civilization in South America is 
dominantly Latin. In North America it is Anglo- 
Saxon. The Southern republics are not free from the 
weaknesses of the Latin races. The Northern nations 
are not blameless in their boastful attitude. In work- 
ing out the common destiny of the two Americas, 
what will be the significance of the association of 
these two types? What will each contribute to the 
other ? Not to patronize but to fraternize in our rela- 
tions is the second challenging lesson from this glimpse 
of four centuries. 

3. The South American pioneers had none of the 
ideals of civil or religious tolerance which were com- 
mon property to the Hollander, the German, and the 
British. On the contrary, the Moorish ideas of force 
and intolerance which have so profoundly influenced 
Spanish thought laid a heavy hand upon all move- 
ments for the betterment of the people. Can we not, 
then, better understand the eagerness for independence 
and democracy so manifest in their struggles? Herein 
also is our opportunity to reveal those religious ideals 
of which we are the heirs, — ideals gained from those 
industrious families who sought religious and civil 
peace in the New World. 

Both continents are in a New World — a new world 



48 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

of democracy. The republics of South America are 
relatively young. Their recent experiences in the 
establishment of democracy call from us a sympa- 
f\thetic response. 



Ill 

SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 

We have already observed that the population of 
South America is disappointingly small. 1 It is esti- 
mated at fifty-five millions. 2 Only an estimate is pos- 
sible. Some nations do not take a census at regular 
intervals. Some census figures are based upon immi- 
gration, birth-rate, death-rate, and certain items of 
taxation. In several of the republics the census is so 
carelessly taken that the results are full of errors. 
Some of the Indian tribes are nomadic, and therefore 
it is impossible for census enumerators to ascertain 
their numbers. 

Causes of Sparsity of Population 

The smallness of the population may be accounted 
for in several ways: 

i. Early Spanish conquerors killed off more than 
eight millions of the ten million Incas by the cruel 
slave labor demanded of them in mines and fields. 

2. Spain forbade all non-Spanish immigration 
during the centuries of her control. It was a colonial 
dependency of the crown, and the king and his minis- 



chapter I, p. 17. 

2 Summary from the Statesman's Year Book, 1915. 

49 



50 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

ters were determined that Spaniards should reap the 
benefits. Thus, the races which have contributed so 
largely to the growth of population in North America 
were excluded. 

3. When the peoples of Spanish-speaking South 
America established their independence a century ago, 
they threw open the doors to immigrants from all 
nations. But the bar sinister of religious intolerance 
was continued in force. Despite the earnest efforts 
of their greatest leaders, Generals San Martin and 
Bolivar, the ecclesiastical authorities had sufficient in- 
fluence with the framers of the new constitutions to 
make criminal any worship other than that of the 
Roman Catholic Church. Liberty-loving British, Ger- 
mans, Hollanders, and Scandinavians, the very peoples 
whose moral fiber and intellectual attainments were 
most needed to develop the resources of the continent, 
were turned to other lands in their search for homes. 

4. Revolutions wasted the lives of men in selfish or 
futile struggles during the first half century of repre- 
sentative government. During the thirty years' war, 
Paraguay lost so many of her men in battle that the 
women outnumbered the men eleven to one. In Chile, 
women serve as street-car conductors, for the reason 
that the men were shot dow r n in those struggles for 
national existence which marked the early period of 
Chilean history. 

5. Epidemics of yellow fever, cholera, and smallpox 
have taken frightful toll in human lives. Tropical 
diseases, like malarial fever, which have now been 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 51 

brought under perfect control by American and Euro- 
pean sanitary science, still carry off their tens of 
thousands annually on the continent south of us. 

6. The influence of the land system has prevented 
the ownership of small farms, and thus operated 
silently but powerfully against influx and growth of 
population. 

Racial Types 

In racial origins the South American people present 
a less complicated problem than those of our own 
continent. Their foreign blood is chiefly Spanish and 
Portuguese. In the veins of a large proportion of the 
population flows the blood of the conquered Indians. 
The first great cause for this intermingling of the 
blood of the conquerors and conquered lies in the 
fact that the leaders in the early Spanish conquest 
gave immense tracts of land as rewards to their favor- 
ites, and with these tracts were included the native 
Indians living upon them. The grantees were author- 
ized to have entire control of the persons and services 
of these occupants of the soil. This right was pushed 
to its utmost limit. None of the native men or women 
dared protest against the wrongs inflicted upon them. 
From this mingling of blood sprang the earlier popu- 
lation, and intermarriage with Indian women and those 
having some admixture of Indian blood has been a 
constant factor in the South American social situation 
for nearly four centuries. 

Another reason for racial intermingling lies in 



52 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

the character of the Indians whom Pizarro and his 
fellow conquerors found in the Andean Plateau. 
The unlikeness between them and the Indians who 
faced and fought our forefathers could hardly have 
been more complete. The Indians of North America 
were savage. The Indians whom Pizarro found were 
civilized. The Indians of North America were bel- 
ligerent to the last degree. Those who were first 
discovered by the Spaniards were docile and skilled in 
agriculture and many arts. With the Indians of North 
America the early settlers could have no sort of social 
relationship, while the very opposite was true of the 
millions who were subject to Atahualpa, the Inca 
ruler. 

Again, South America was not colonized so much 
as conquered, and the conquerors were military men 
and adventurers, most of whom went out without their 
families, or were single men. When these differences 
are taken into account, it can be readily understood 
why there is a large admixture of Indian blood in the 
Spanish and Portuguese sections of South America. 

Brazil presents a new and different racial factor. 
Here only do we find the Negro in large numbers. 
It is estimated that there are more than five million 
Negroes and those with Negro blood in this one 
republic. The historical reasons for this racial problem 
have already been stated. 1 Brazil is the nearest to 
Africa of any portion of the western hemisphere. 



Chapter II, p. 26. 






EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT GIRLS PICKING GRAPES 
ITALIAN IMMIGRANTS SHOWING THEIR PRODUCTS 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 53 

The extreme eastern shoulder of Brazil is less than 
three days by fast steamer from the west coast of 
Africa. They cross in sailing ships. In some parts 
of northern Brazil they still speak the dialects used in 
African villages and worship the images which claimed 
their devotions in their own land. They find the 
climate congenial, and Brazil offers them a social 
status and a door of economic opportunity which were 
not theirs before coming. 

Italians are swarming into southern Brazil and 
Argentina. There are nearly five hundred thousand 
Italians in Buenos Aires and its immediate suburbs. 
Northern Italy sends more immigrants to South 
America than to the United States. They are a hardier 
and more adaptable people than those from Southern 
Italy and they find the bracing climate of Argentina 
and the boundless opportunities there exactly suited to 
them. These Italian immigrants are making money. 
They pass rapidly through the stages of laborer, boss, 
contractor, or rancher, and have already come into the 
possession of leadership in the building enterprises of 
central and southern Argentina. 

The total of Spanish immigration in later years is 
rapidly overtaking that from Italy. Many of the 
Basques, a thrifty, industrious folk from the north of 
Spain, are coming. They form a most welcome addi- 
tion and can be depended upon to discharge any duty 
given them faithfully and intelligently. 

Germans have come in great numbers in recent 
years. This is notably true in southern Brazil, where 



54 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

over three hundred thousand Germans are massed. 
They speak their own language, and practically domi- 
nate the political, social, and commercial life of that 
section of Brazil. There are from thirty to fifty 
thousand Germans in Valdivia, Osorno, and other cities 
far south on the Chilean coast. Many of them are in 
trade or are operating ranches in the rich valleys 
which run parallel to the mountains and the sea. Be- 
sides these, thousands of German merchants and 
bankers are found in every part of the continent. 

The British are found in the largest numbers in 
Argentina, where their great investments in railways 
attract and hold thousands of men who are filling the 
higher posts connected with the administration of these 
transportation companies. And, as with the Germans, 
the British are to be found in commerce and banking 
wherever one travels in South America. They have 
been steadily building up commercial connections 
during the last century. 

The social total is not reached until the Indians, 
the most unhappy group in South America, have been 
sympathetically studied. There are not less than 
twelve 1 millions of Indians in South America. In 
Brazil alone there are more than one hundred different 
tribes. There is the widest divergence in the character 
of the various members of this group, ranging from 
the descendants of the highly civilized Caras of Ecua- 



a This number is an estimate, like most of the statistics for 
South America. 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 55 

dor and the Incas of Peru to the lowest and most 
squalid cannibal tribes of the little-known areas of 
interior Brazil. 

During nearly four centuries of Latin rule the 
Indians of both coasts have not only been greatly 
reduced in numbers but have "fallen far from the high 
state of daring and rugged health which they once 
held, and have become mere hewers of wood and 
drawers of water' ' for those who robbed them of 
their freedom and exploited them for their own ends. 
The intolerable cruelties suffered at the hands of 
merciless Spanish gold-hunters goaded the Indians of 
Peru to revolt in 1787. 

Naturally docile, satisfied with the most meager 
provisions for the ordinary needs -^of life, and re- 
sponding quickly to kindness and fair treatment, there 
seemed no limit to the fury which had been slowly 
gathering during more than two hundred years of 
indescribable cruelties. But they were at length reduced 
to submission, and now the landholding classes and the 
owners of great mining properties hold more than one 
half of the Indian population of South America in 
a condition but little removed from slavery. The* 
Times of La Paz has been carrying on an agitation 
for better treatment of the Aymara and Quechua 
Indians of Bolivia for several months. In a recent 
number the editor wrote the following: 

"The condition of the Indians has changed all too 
little since the times of the Spanish domination. They 
continue to be pariahs, exploited by provincial author- 



56 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

ities and brutalized by alcohol. The state has entered 
into a kind of partnership with the Church ; the former 
to sell alcohol to the Indians (having a monopoly of 
its sale) and the latter to provide in her festivals the 
occasion for its consumption. 

"The moral, intellectual, and material condition of 
the Indians is the worst possible, and hinders the 
progress of the nation, at the same time bringing us 
face to face with very many and very grave problems 
which must be solved, the tranquillity of outlying dis- 
tricts being meantime in constant danger. 

"Any one analyzing the stagnant and miserable life 
which the Indian leads cannot but wonder at the 
strength of that race which, badly fed, ignorant of 
hygiene, decimated by diseases, exploited by everybody, 
and poisoned by alcohol, does not disappear or at least 
lose its vigor. 

"When, his cup filled to overflowing by that con- 
dition of semi-slavery in which he lives in a country at 
once free and liberal, the Indian protests, — then, as 
the only remedy, as a supreme argument, we apply 
fierce whippings to his back." 

I have seen nothing more pathetic in any part of 
the world than the abject manner of this crushed yet 
sullen people. Again and again they will go hundreds 
of yards out of their way to avoid meeting a white 
man. And when they are met in the roads or by-paths 
or fields, their salutation is cringing, and their whole 
attitude indicative of fear, born of the knowledge that 
they have never known any rights which the white 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 57 

man was bound to respect. If they had been truculent, 
if they had tomahawked and scalped those who first 
came from other lands to live among them, it would 
be possible to understand, though not to defend, the 
unpitying treatment which they have received. But 
they were friendly. They were even kindly. They 
toiled early and late, tilling the fields and digging the 
gold for their Spanish taskmasters. Now they have 
practically no land, and they must accept any price 
which their domineering masters choose to offer them 
for their labor, their stock, or their crops. 

Pagan Indians are to be found by the million in 
South America. Many of them have yielded a more 
or less fanatical obedience to the Church which came 
to South America with Spanish occupation. On the 
other hand, several millions have stoutly refused any 
and every overture made to them by the representatives 
of Roman Catholicism during all these centuries, and 
remain as savage as when Columbus first set foot on 
the shores of the Western world. In later chapters 
we shall see that devoted workers have begun the uplift 
of these downtrodden folk. What they have begun 
must be taken up and carried on by others whose hearts 
are touched by the same Christian motives. 

Social Characteristics 

In any attempt to study social conditions in South 
America, the first and most significant fact is that the 
type of civilization is Latin. The significance of this 



* 



58 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

for the life of the people to-day is made clear by 
Senor F. Garcia Calderon, a Peruvian diplomat. 

"The character of the average citizen is weak, in- 
ferior to his imagination and intelligence; ideas of 
union and the spirit of solidarity have to contend with 
the innate indiscipline of the race. These men, domi- 
nated by the solicitations of the outer world and the 
tumult of politics, have no inner life; you will find 
among them no great mystics, no great lyrical writers. 
They meet realities with an exasperated individualism. 
Undisciplined, superficial, brilliant, the South Ameri- 
cans belong to the great Latin family; they are the 
children of Spain, Portugal, and Italy by blood and 
by deep-rooted tradition; and by their general ideas 
they are the children of France. A French politician, 
M. Clemenceau, found in Brazil, the Argentine, and 
Uruguay 'a superabundant Latinism; a Latinism of 
feeling; a Latinism of thought and action with all its 
defects of method, its alternations of energy and 
failure in the accomplishment of design/ " * 

In the status of womanhood we see again the pro- 
found influence of the Moor over the Spaniard. The 
Moorish idea of the seclusion of women and their 
subordinate place in the social system has been ac- 
cepted by the Spaniard and his descendants with almost 
no change. As among the Moors, so in the South 
American social total, man becomes the center of all 
domestic and social life, and woman is a toy or a 



1 Latin America: Its Rise and Progress, 288. 



Copyright by Underwood <£• Underwood. 



Copyright by Underwood <(• Under mud. 




Copyright by Underwood <k Underwood. 

INDIAN TYPES 
Ona Girl Araucanian Girl 

Imara Boy Amazona Boy 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 59 

helpless ward. The girls of the more prosperous 
families are brought up in idleness, and are led to 
believe from infancy that the two most important 
things for them in life are dress and marriage. 

In by far a larger part of the continent the proper 
place for women is considered to be the inner cham- 
bers of the house, or, in a black manta or veil, wor- 
shiping at church. As a rule the father takes little or 
no part in the responsibility of rearing the children. 
Unsupported by her husband, the mother gives up the 
struggle of parental discipline, and successive genera- 
tions grow to manhood and womanhood without the 
discipline which alone can teach self-control and 
obedience. 

"Missing the firm hand of the father, and despising 
his mother for her sex, the youth of South America 
at once develops into a vicious loafer/' 1 and quite 
as easily develops into a strutting dandy, whose will 
has never been curbed, who has never learned to 
respect authority as such, and who, therefore, will not 
submit to the control or be patient under the toil which 
are necessary to success in any career he may choose. 

It is of little avail that tens of thousands of these 
wives and mothers are modest, patient, and self- 
sacrificing, giving themselves in unstinted service to 
their children. The wrong relation in which they are 
compelled to stand to their husbands because of this 
legacy of Moorish influence renders them helpless to 



^oss, South of Panama. 



60 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

secure the results in obedience, studiousness, thrift, 
and punctuality, which alone can make their children 
useful members of the social order. 

The control of all the details of marriage is almost 
as completely in the hands of the parents as among 
the natives of India or China. "There is no meeting 
of young people save at very rare picnics, or at one 
or two big balls, given every year by certain clubs. 

"As such opportunities are entirely insufficient, there 
is nothing for the young man to do but dangle. . . . 
The youth follows a girl in the street, waylays 
her in the church porch, shadows her in the plaza, 
and gazes ardently when she appears on her balcony. 
Not a word can be exchanged till the young man 
calls and is received by the family, and this is 
virtually a declaration of serious intentions. Thus the 
innocent approaches and friendships by which our 
young people test their likings are confined to glances. 
No opportunity for conversation is given until matters 
are as good as settled. . . . 

"After making due allowance for the adaptability of 
young brides, close observers still consider that under 
this system unhappy unions are more numerous than 
they are with us." * 

Closely allied to this subject of the status of woman- 
hood and courtship is the ugly fact of the low estimate 
of the marriage relation. According to the govern- 
ment census in Brazil, taken in 1890, one fifth of the 



^oss, South of Panama, 181, 182. 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 61 

entire population is reported as illegitimate The 
official statistics given out by the government of 
Venezuela in 1906 shows that there were 47,606 ille- 
gitimate births, or 68.8 per cent, of the total. In a city 
in the Argentine, containing 95,000 population, 62 per 
cent, of the births during a five-year period were of 
this unhappy class. In Uruguay, 1906, 27.5 per cent, 
were illegitimate. Father Revallo of the Parish of 
San Miguel, Colombia, worked out the statistics for 
fifteen years, discovering that the illegitimate births in 
Barranquilla were 71.4 per cent, of the total. Accord- 
ing to Dr. Robert E. Speer, the cities of Barranquilla 
and Bogota are fairly representative of the whole of 
Colombia. 

Dr. Albert Hale says of the South American people : 
"The Latin-American man has no conception of chas- 
tity. . . . The moral sense has never been more than 
TeeBly developed in South America, and where it makes 
itself felt it has become a force artistic or ethical rather 
than religious or moral." x 

Those who love South America most ardently and 
who believe most heartily in her great future, whether 
they are natives or foreigners, must unite in looking 
this disagreeable fact in the face. 

What is the explanation for a state of things so 
fraught with peril for all the interests of South 
America, both present and future? Much of it can 
be traced to this mischievous notion of the place and 



^ale, The South Americans, 6. 



62 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

function of womanhood. Much can be traced to the 
high price demanded as wedding fees by the priests 
who have had the control of marriage ceremonies. 
Marriage was a sacrament only to be celebrated by a 
priest in regular orders, and priestly influence secured 
the passage of laws compelling all persons to be mar- 
ried within the parish of which the parties or one of 
them w r as a member. The priest of that parish could, 
and all too often did, refuse to marry them until he 
had exacted the highest possible fee that he believed 
he could collect. It is almost unbelievable to what 
lengths this priestly extortion was carried. Laboring 
men came to look upon marriage as impossible. Long 
before the days of civil marriage, the custom grew 
up known as "contract marriage." In its best estate 
this was something approaching common-law marriage, 
which is recognized as legal even in our own country, 
where the parties publicly take each other as husband 
and wife before witnesses. In its worst form this 
custom slid into a very deep gulf of opportunism and 
sensualism. 

The vicious system of land ownership, already noted, 
has contributed largely to unfortunate social conditions 
which prevail over wide areas. Lands were given 
generously, even recklessly, as rewards to court favor- 
ites or to those who had distinguished themselves in 
exploration or battle, or who had rendered distin- 
guished political service. The smallest block of land 
which was bestowed on the humblest trooper who 
followed the fortune of Pizarro was three miles square. 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 63 

Favorites received grants measuring ten and even 
thirty times as large. 

In the Argentine, in the older settled portions, there 
are single proprietors or companies owning as much as 
five hundred thousand acres. In the newer west and 
southwest provinces there are several estates of a 
million or a million and a quarter acres. In order to 
cover the cost of a military expedition under President 
Roca, Argentina sold fertile prairies equal in area to 
states like Illinois and Iowa at the ridiculous price 
of 3 cents an acre. There are 1,200 tracts of land in 
Argentina containing from 25,000 to 62,500 acres; 
233 from 62,500 to 125,000; and 1,000 which contain 
more than 125,000 acres. In Chile the tillable soil is 
held by seven per cent, of the whole population. What 
is true of these two republics applies with slight modi- 
fication to all parts of the continent. The land of most 
communities is thus owned by a few. 

Unused land is not taxed. This locks up vast tracts 
of fertile land for speculative purposes. Concessions 
given to ancestors five or six generations ago pass on 
from father to son, mounting steadily in value without 
bearing any part of the taxes necessary to maintain 
the police, extend the post-office system, support the 
courts and judges, and carry forward education and 
sanitation. 

This hindrance to all social progress caused by this 
system of latifundia 1 is far more serious than appears 

*Large landed estates. 



64 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

at first glance. The ramifications of this evil run out 
on economic, social, political, and religious lines, baf- 
fling the legislator, puzzling the banker, and defeating 
the educational and religious worker. Among its 
blighting effects the following may be noted : 

i. It keeps down the population. More than any 
other one cause which has led to the rapid population 
of the wide spaces of Canada and the United States 
v has been their system of homesteads and outright 
sales of government land in relatively small tracts to 
individual owners. On the big estates in South 
America there may be found the owner and his family, 
although they probably live in Buenos Aires, Santiago, 
Rio de Janeiro, Caracas, Lima, or Paris. Often if 
they are present it is for but a part of each year. 

The manager of the estate who lives at the ranch 
may be a man with a family, but often is not. He 
may have two or three assistants, a part of whom are 
single men. They will have in their employ a few 
score or even a few hundred peons who live here and 
there in hovels for the most part, so bad that a North 
American farmer would not think of using them as 
stables for his horses and cattle. On all the estate, 
with its thousands of acres, there will be but a few 
hundred persons, counting women and children. If 
the same area had been broken up into farms of 160 
acres or less, there would in all probability be more 
families than there are persons on the estate. With 
territory as large as the United States east of 
Nebraska, this handicap of the land system has held 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 65 

the population of Argentina below the total of New 
York state. 

2. It prevents the formation of villages and towns. 
One may see on the maps the names of hundreds of 
towns along the railway lines over South America, 
and may suppose that they are like the towns which dot 
our own land. But such is not the case. In the 
majority of instances they are simply stations from 
which to ship grain and cattle, with just enough 
families to serve the railway and the shipping interests, 
— probably not a dozen all told. By preventing the 
life of the village and the small town, a deadly blow 
is struck at social opportunities for the people of the 
land. Unless this system is brought to an end, they 
never will live in groups. 

3. It prevents the growth of a middle class. Both 
in England and the United States it is the middle 
class which holds the real balance of power. From 
them come the men and the measures which make these 
nations great. They act both as spur and check. But 
South America can have no middle class so long as 
its chief source of wealth is held by absentee land- 
lords, and the chance for free agricultural labor is 
denied to all the rest of the population. From the 
beginning of Spanish occupation down to the present 
time, this separation of the classes from the masses 
and the domination of the latter by the former has 
been a withering curse. It has arrayed one class 
against the other. It has led to ruthless exploitation 
of the poor, and boastful domineering and extravagant 



66 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

control by the few. It is a common saying in Chile 
that a hundred landowning families dictate in all 
political matters. Theoretically, there is such a thing 
as the franchise, but the landholding class contrive to 
defeat the voters whenever and wherever their own 
interests are imperiled. To a great extent the tenants 
and employees on these estates know that they must 
vote as their master directs or not hold their positions. 
To an increasing degree, however, they expect him to 
buy their votes. A witty friend wrote, during the 
economic depression incident to the European War, 
saying : "Business is looking up as election approaches. 
One evidence is that the price of votes has gone up 
from nine pesos to fourteen, with a promise of going 
higher." 

But in all of the states there are men of character, 
ability, and education who, with much self-sacrifice 
and unwearying industry, are laboring to bring about 
better conditions in the public life. What they lack 
is a great and well-compacted body of free and inde- 
pendent supporters to edit the newspapers in town 
after town without fear and without favor; to serve 
as justices of the peace, directors of local school 
boards, constables, road commissioners, and so on 
through the list of citizens who shape and then direct 
public opinion until it is registered in the form of 
efficient public administration. By no political sleight 
of hand can such a middle class be created until the 
land system is radically altered. 

4. It robs a nation of the initiative which comes 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 67 

only from the personal possession and control of 
property. Despite the contention of some radicals, 
the chief incentive to labor springs from the right of 
personal ownership in that which labor produces. Rob 
all laborers of this incentive and you reduce them to a 
dull and dispirited mass. They may toil, but it is 
without hope and without enthusiasm. One has but to 
see the tenant or servant class at work under the 
servile conditions prevailing in much of Europe, and 
the same family settled on its own land in the newer 
portions of the earth, to understand the difference 
animating every member of that family. Toil is not a 
hardship for them but a joy. They rise early and they 
labor late. They go to their tasks, not with heavy 
faces and lack-luster eyes, but with a song on their 
lips coming from the joy of personal ownership in the 
land on which they labor, and in its products. This is a 
God-given instinct, and humanity never has reached its 
best w^here that instinct was smothered by such systems 
of property ownership as are here set forth. 

5. It creates contempt for labor. From the begin- 
ning this system has demanded that all the tasks of 
field and household should be performed by the Indian, 
or, in parts of Brazil, by the Negro. This has given to 
labor a menial character in the eyes of the people. 
Instead of labor being honorable, it is looked upon as 
a disgrace. In no part of the world is this carried to 
greater lengths than in South America. In the remon- 
strances which early settlers of Peru sent to the King 
of Spain against his edicts doing away with the slavery 



68 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

which had been forced upon the Indians, they asked, 
"If we are not allowed to enslave the Indian, who, 
then, will serve us?" 

"No first-class passenger carries any hand luggage 
to or from the railway coach. Not that he minds the 
exertion, but no gentleman dares to be caught doing 
anything tainted with utility. . . . No self-respecting 
person will appear in the street with a parcel in his 
hand; he always engages a boy to carry it. No 
caballero 1 will carry his saddle between house and 
corral. A traveler who blacks his own shoes is as 
dirt in the eyes of the hotel staff. In Quito, where 
the servile Indian has left the deep stigma on every 
form of manual labor, the plazas are haunted with 
well-dressed white-colored never-works, some of whom 
are often fain to dull their hunger with parched corn 
eaten from the pocket. 

"In Argentine, the machinery expert setting up 
American steam-threshers, who yields to his impulse 
to doff his coat and 'pitch in/ may find himself at 
elbows with the peons in the barn instead of sitting 
at the ranchman's table. 

"The German professor of science in a colegio found 
his pupils quite aghast at the idea of doing the experi- 
ments themselves. They wanted to watch the pro- 
fessor do them. Even after he had broken them in 
to laboratory work, they held themselves above the 
drudgery of it and would call for a mozo to clean up 



1 Spanish gentleman, cavalier. 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 69 

the muss caused by the breaking of a retort or the 
overflow of a test-tube." x 

Is there no way out? Must the handicap of the land 
system defeat the South American in his attempt to 
populate his roomy and fertile continent? The first 
discouraging fact that meets such an inquiry is that in 
the large majority of cases the landholders are able to 
maintain a majority in the lawmaking bodies. 

But natural causes are aiding. Death and the con- 
sequent breaking up of estates through inheritance is 
slowly but steadily reducing the acreage owned by 
single individuals. Thus, an estate of seventy square 
leagues, or over 400,000 acres, which originated only 
fifty-five years ago, has already been broken up into 
farms averaging one square league, first among chil- 
dren, and then among grandchildren of the man who 
received the original grant from the government. 

There is also a tendency to break up grain land into 
small plots and rent it to tenants with the privilege of 
ultimate ownership on conditions quite practicable. 
The rapidity with which these new proposals have 
been accepted by the "colonists," as new settlers in 
South America are called, gives promise of a consider- 
able movement in this direction. A public land law 
passed by the Argentine legislature in 1903 prohibits 
any .individual securing more than a square league of 
public land, and a bill has already been introduced to cut 
this down to a square mile. Legislators are thoroughly 



^oss, South of Panama, 163-167. 



70 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

frightened over the recklessness of their predecessors, 
and there is large hope for the future in their frank 
recognition of the difficulties imposed upon them by the 
ruinous land system which has prevailed up to the 
present. 

Determined "colonists" are also persistently laying 
siege to heavily mortgaged landowners and are splitting 
off small fractions from the great estates at a rapidly 
increasing rate. Between 1895 and 1908 the number 
of landholdings in the Argentine increased 30 per 
cent. In the province of Cordoba the governor has 
been authorized to use government funds for the pur- 
chase of large estates, have them resurveyed into small 
farms, and sold to "colonists" on long time and at 
reasonable rates of interest. The eagerness with which 
the desirable portions of these lands are bought up 
at the land auctions shows how very real is the need 
which is thus being partially met. It is probable that 
within a decade every province of the South American 
republics will be following the example set by Cordoba. 

A powerful force working for the breaking up of 
this land system is the leaven of education which is 
being steadily diffused throughout all parts of the 
continent. The peon who, as a boy, received even the 
rudiments of an education, is dissatisfied to live in a 
dingy hovel such as that in which he was reared. He 
seeks as his bride a young woman whose life has also 
been touched with hope by means of some slight educa- 
tional advantage she has enjoyed. The "divine dis- 
content" thus born in them gives them the necessary 



SOME SOCIAL FACTORS 71 

impetus to climb from laborer to tenant, from tenant 
to owner, and, as owner, to begin to exercise influence 
for better roads, better police, better schools, and the 
welfare of the community where their plot of land is 
located. 

Only in Argentina and Brazil have the pressure of 
foreign immigration, the awakening touch of an effi- 
cient educational system, and the influx of foreign 
capital forced the hand of unwilling landholding legis- 
lators, wresting from them the beginnings of legislation 
destined to solve this problem. Elsewhere the land- 
holder is still in the saddle and seems likely to remain 
there unless a political upheaval should unexpectedly 
unhorse him. 

The social factors especially challenge the prayerful 
attention of all those who have the future of South 
America at heart. Almost one fourth of the human 
total on that continent are Indians. Dispossessed of 
their ancestral rights, and practically serfs in their 
native land, illiterate, drunken, hopeless, they appeal 
to every lover of Christ. A population as great as 
that of Egypt, savage or with but the thinnest veneer 
of religion and superstition, these suffering millions 
mutely plead for light and love and hope. 

Until the loose ideas of the sanctity of the marriage 
relation can be driven from the social order and the 
women of the land come to their rightful place, suc- 
cessive generations will remain undisciplined. 

Account must be made of the land system as un- 
democratic and harmful to the economic development 



72 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

of the vast potential wealth of the several republics. 
Reform here is imperative. 

There is underpopulation in proportion to area and 
resources. Missionary work in India and China begins 
where population conditions are practically static. In 
South America large increases in the numbers among 
whom missionary work will go forward must be 
expected. 

The population is urban rather than rural. The 
missionary victories of South America will be won in 
the cities and larger towns. There can be little 
village or country life, under existing conditions 
of land-tenure. Even the Indians can only be ap- 
proached in their most populous centers. The city 
dominates the country and will do so for at least 
another century. All plans for Christian work must 
keep this fact in view, or there will be waste of both 
money and time in relatively fruitless efforts among 
scattered and unrelated human units. 






Maa&J 



IV 
THE SPIRIT OF THE PIONEERS 

Beginnings have a way of incarnating themselves. 
Persons precede institutions. Moses looms above the 
years of which the Pentateuch treats and the chosen 
people who came to racial consciousness under his 
leadership. For this reason beginnings have their 
chief significance in people rather than in measures or 
policies or dates or methods. What were those per- 
sons who began the missionary work in this land we are 
studying? By what motives were they moved to do 
what they did? How did they lay out the earlier 
campaigns? What were the inner lives from whose 
springs came the impetus which has projected itself 
into all parts of the continent, and which still thrusts 
forward an enterprise of such vast proportions? Only 
as we find some rational answers to such questions are 
we likely to make a right start in the mastery of our 
theme. 

Peter Richer and William Chartier. "The first 
Protestant settlement in America was the French 
Reformed colony in Brazil. And as they began the 
work among the native Indians there, they also have 
the honor of being the first Protestant missionaries. . . . 

"In 1555 a French colony was sent to Brazil. It was 
led by Villegagnon who, by his ability and bravery, 

73 



74 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

had become vice-admiral of Brittany. He was the 
one who in 1548 had brought Mary Queen of Scots 
safely to France in spite of the watchfulness of the 
English. He espoused the Protestant cause and 
dreamed of founding a great French colony in the 
new world. Admiral Coligny too approved of the 
expedition. For he feared a persecution (such as 
came so terribly on himself and the Huguenot Church 
afterward), and he looked westward toward America 
as an asylum for his persecuted brethren. The expe- 
dition sailed July 12, 1555, from Havre and landed 
in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro, November 10, 1555. 
They took possession of the country in the name of 
France, calling it Antarctic France. On an island in 
the harbor, which still bears his name, Villegagnon 
erected a fort. 

"On February 4, 1556, he sent one of his ships back 
to Europe, and through it sent word, asking for some 
Reformed ministers for the colony, and the Church 
of Calvin, at Geneva, at once appointed two ministers. 
They set sail together with about a dozen artisans from 
Geneva, led by DuPont, in a ship which had about 200 
colonists. After being almost shipwrecked they 
arrived at Rio de Janeiro on March 9. When they saw 
land, they rejoiced with new joy at being the first to 
tell the story of Christ to the heathen. Villegagnon 
welcomed them by a salute from the fort. A thanks- 
giving service was held, at which they sang the 5th 
Psalm, after which Richer preached on the 26th Psalm. 
Villegagnon ordered them to hold a daily service. On 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 75 

March 21, they celebrated the Lord's Supper, the first 
time a Protestant communion was ever celebrated in 
America, a forerunner of many rich spiritual feasts to 
the thousands of Protestants who after them settled 
in this western world. It was not long before the 
ministers, touched by the condition of the natives, 
endeavored through an interpreter to teach them the 
first principles of the Protestant religion.' ' 1 

James Thompson. This man preached his first 
sermon in Buenos Aires, November 19, 18 18. The 
audience was made up of nine men, all British. The 
sermon was preached in English in a private house. 
Mr. Thompson was a Scotchman, one of the few tall 
spirits who saw beyond the horizon of his own land 
and his own day. He knew of the revolution which 
was separating all Spanish-speaking peoples in the 
southern continent from Spain, and saw that this 
political revolution was a favorable time for the intro- 
duction of the Scriptures and the inception of evan- 
gelical work on a wide scale. He also saw that the 
masses of South America must be educated and given 
the word of God if the republican forms of govern- 
ment then being adopted in the areas wrested from 
the Spanish crown were to have an enduring founda- 
tion. 

Just at that time a Mr. James Lancaster of England 
was introducing a novel educational scheme in Great 



^ood, History of the Reformed Church in the United 
States, 3-5. 



76 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Britain — the forerunner of the modern public school 
system. The schools were supported by modest fees, 
and by the voluntary labor of the students in impart- 
ing what they had learned to younger pupils. Mr. 
Thompson was sent to South America as the pioneer 
of popular education by the founder of the Lancas- 
terian schools, and to distribute Bibles by the British 
and Foreign Bible Society. 

Both his projects met with immediate success. Over 
one hundred schools were opened in Buenos Aires, 
with an enrolment of five thousand children. He 
made the acquaintance of the leading statesmen of 
the day, and was cordially received as one who had 
a most valuable and timely contribution to make to 
the cause of liberty. Rocafuerte, a prominent patriot 
of the period, declared: "This moral education will 
promote the cause of religious toleration and will 
effect a regeneration which our new political system 

requires." 

Crossing the continent on mule-back amid great 
privations, Mr. Thompson worked in Chile, and then 
went by sea to Peru. General San Martin welcomed 
him and ordered the priests of a large monastery 
to get out in order to make way for the schools. They 
remonstrated in vain. The General had them all out 
in three days and turned the property over as the 
first building for a Lancasterian school in Peru. 

Both in Peru and in Ecuador Mr. Thompson pro- 
moted the sale of the Scriptures with astonishing 
success. Bibles were freely bought in the identical 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 77 

public square of Lima in which more than one hun- 
dred persons had been burned to death under the 
dread inquisition. The governor of one of the prov- 
inces of Ecuador bought Bibles for his own use and 
openly encouraged their sale to others. The prior of 
a convent in Ecuador gave his permission to set up a 
Bible-selling stall in the building, "while in Quito, the 
capital, the Marquis of San Jose, himself a Roman 
Catholic, permitted their sale in his own house." 

Bible Societies sprang up on every hand. Promi- 
nent officers of the new governments accepted mem- 
bership in them and furthered their ends. Mr. 
Thompson was tireless and utterly fearless. He went 
to nearly every part of the newly-established republics, 
organizing, sending out colporteurs, and cheering 
preachers. 

But a stern reaction began in 1823. Officials of the 
Roman Catholic Church passed the word down the 
line from archbishop to priests that they were to 
oppose the work of Mr. Thompson and those who 
labored with him. Parents were compelled to with- 
draw their children from the schools where the Bible 
was one of the principal text-books. Those who had 
purchased Bibles were ordered to surrender the 
dangerous volume to the nearest priest. The fair 
promise of the first years of these pioneer efforts was 
belied by the closed doors which shut this far-seeing 
man of God from the fields in which the Word of 
God and the open school would have done all that he 
hoped for the new-born democracies. Baffled and 



78 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

beaten, he returned to Scotland, but not before much 
good seed had been sown. Later workers were to 
enter into harvests from the Word which "shall not 
return void." 

Daniel P. Kidder. Brazil was the next field for a 
Bible-selling campaign. The Rev. Daniel P. Kidder 
*/was one of the three missionaries sent to South 
America in 1836 by the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
the Rev. Justin Spaulding and Mr. Kidder going to 
Brazil, and the Rev. John Dempster going on to Argen- 
tina and establishing a permanent work in Buenos 
Aires among the English-speaking colonists. 

Mr. Kidder was assigned the task of ranging widely 
over Brazil and distributing the Bible and wholesome 
evangelical tracts in as many cities and towns as 
possible. As soon as he had mastered the Portuguese 
language, he started on a kind of pioneering work as 
full of privations and as beset with perils as those 
which have faced any missionary in Africa or China. 
It was the first of all efforts to bring the Protestant 
religion to the millions of that vast land. 

Travel conditions were slow, dangerous, and trying 
to health. He traveled on the Atlantic on a raft called 
a jangada, and in such frail or clumsy little vessels as 
would not be allowed to carry passengers on an inland 
lake in North America. On land, conditions were 
fully as perilous. Torrential rains, tropical heat, ab- 
sence of decent roads, insect pests peculiar to a hot 
country, venomous snakes, wild beasts, brigands in- 
festing the roads, and filthy cabins or sheds in which 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 79 

to get such rest as the heat and insects would permit, 
were some of the difficulties faced for the sake of 
putting the Word of God into Brazilian homes. 

Moral and social conditions were little better. In 
Rio de Janeiro there were a thousand priests, "but 
rarely was a prayer or a sermon heard in the language 
of the people." Only a few could read or write. 
Not one in hundreds had ever seen a Bible. "The 
priests, sworn to celibacy, were not ashamed to ac- 
knowledge numerous families of their own children, 
and clerical licentiousness was unrestrained." 

No sooner had he begun his work than bitter attacks 
were made upon him by the priests. A pamphlet was 
issued in the Portuguese language, decrying his work, 
defaming him by name, and giving an alleged history 
of the rise of the Methodist Episcopal Church which 
was all attributed to George Whitefield. Among the 
grotesque things contained in it the following quota- 
tion best shows the style and the range of information 
possessed by the writer : 

"They raised on the common of Moorfield a stage, 
where the preacher, put within an empty cask and 
exposed to the public gaze, became a comic spectacle 
to the curious who ran from all parts of London to 
amuse themselves with the preacher and the sermon. 
In this ridiculous pulpit the Protestant preacher, pos- 
sessed with the devil, extending his arms, gesticulating, 
roaring, throwing in every direction his flaming eyes, 
and making horrible contortions, declaimed his unin- 
telligible discourses." 



80 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

In the city of Bahia he found strong opposition to 
his work. But when he saw how superstition held 
the people in bondage he was encouraged to persevere. 
For in that city there was a small wooden image of 
St. Anthony which was alleged by the priests to have 
survived a terrible shipwreck, and to have preceded the 
wrecked passengers to the land. Mr. Kidder found 
and translated the following order regarding the image 
over the signature of the governor of Bahia, province 
or state of Rodrigo da Costa : 

"I therefore assign to the glorious St. Anthony the 
rank and pay of captain in said fortress, and order 
that the solicitor of the Franciscan convent be author- 
ized to draw, in his behalf, the regular amount of a 
captain's pay." 1 

In another connection, Mr. Kidder translates a 
passage from a sermon preached by an eloquent priest 
in Rio, presumably at the Christmas festivities. It is 
typical of the liberties taken by Roman Catholic 
preachers with the Word of God. 

"The Magi of the East and the Kings of the Orient 
came on painful journeys from distant lands and 
prostrating themselves at the feet of Our Lady [the 
Virgin Mary] offered her their crowns for the bestow- 
ment of her hand; but she rejected them all, and gave 
it to the humble, the obscure, but pious St. Joseph." 2 

In January, 1839, Mr. Kidder visited Santos, the 



^nder date of July 16, 1705. 

2 Kidder and Fletcher, Brazil and Brazilians, 98. 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS ■ 81 

first considerable seaport south of Rio, and from there 
went inland to Sao Paulo. He was the first Protestant 
minister to visit this important center, and his experi- 
ences there form one of the most interesting portions 
of his book entitled Sketches of Brazil 

In Sao Paulo Mr. Kidder was justly shocked at 
the lack of reverence, the coarsening of the religious 
sensibilities, which appears to be inseparable from the 
use of images in worship. To call an alley "The 
little alley of the Sacred Heart of Jesus" ; to name a 
meat-market "The meat-shop of the Holy Spirit"; 
and, worst of all, to advertise crucifixes, scapulas, 
and gold and silver objects of worship as though 
they were merely articles of commerce — all this was 
very shocking to his sense of spiritual fitness, and 
would be so to our own. He translates for us a sign 
which he saw in a shop-window just before the Festival 
of the Holy Spirit : 

"Notice to the Illustrious Preparers of the 
Festival of the Holy Spirit 

"Here may be found a beautiful assortment of 
Holy Ghosts, in gold, with glories, at 80 cents each, 
smaller sizes, without glories, at 40 cents. Silver Holy 
Ghosts, with glories, at $6.50 per hundred; ditto, 
without glories, $3.50. Holy Ghosts of tin resembling 
silver, 75 cents per hundred." 

Mr. Kidder visited all the large centers in the 
northern part of Brazil, and made an extensive trip 



82 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

up the Amazon in his eagerness to place the Scrip- 
tures in the hands of the Brazilian people. Nearly 
five years of exhausting travel and continuous preach- 
ing were given to this, the first attempt ever made 
to sow Brazil with the Word of Truth. But the failing 
health of Mrs. Kidder called him back to Rio. While 
settling down to the prosecution of systematic work 
in the establishment of a Portuguese Church her con- 
dition became rapidly worse, and the end came. This 
compelled him to return to the United States with his 
motherless son in 1841. 

No part of South America has yielded such mis- 
sionary results as Brazil. May this not be due, in 
some part at least, to the growth of the seed "which 
is the Word of God?" 

Captain Allen F. Gardiner. This high-souled 
British naval officer stands out as the most dramatic 
figure of all those who pioneered for Christ in South 
America. He began his naval career in 1810. In 
various voyages he saw much of Africa, Malaysia, 
and South America. While on the Dauntless he was 
deeply impressed with the pitiable condition of the 
aborigines of South America. His conversion occurred 
during the voyage, and he later saw much of mis- 
sionary work in Tahiti and Singapore. 

In South Africa he explored the Zulu country and 
started the first mission in Natal. In Chile he plunged 
into a hard struggle of three years to get his message 
before the Araucanian Indians in southern Chile, but 
at every turn his efforts were balked by the deter- 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 83 

mined efforts of the Roman Church led by a priest 
named Manuel. 

After much study and prayer, Captain Gardiner 
decided to do what he could for the degraded Indians 
of Patagonia. He chose the Falkland Islands as his 
headquarters, arriving there in 1841. His first visit 
among the Patagonian Indians gave him great en- 
couragement. They seemed both friendly and honest 
but their moral and spiritual condition was the lowest 
Gardiner had ever seen. He began at once to plan for 
a larger work than he or any other one man could 
hope to accomplish. Returning to England in 1843, 
he endeavored to get the growing Church Missionary 
Society of the Anglican Church to take up the work. 
Their leaders refused, and he led in founding the 
South American Missionary Society in 1844. 

Accompanied by Mr. Hunt, Gardiner returned to 
Patagonia in February, 1845. But the Indians refused 
to receive them. Hostility and a belligerent spirit con- 
fronted them at every turn. Within a month they 
were forced to leave or they would probably have 
been put to death by torture. 

They then turned their attention to the aboriginal 
Indians in that part of southeastern Bolivia, northern 
Argentina, and western Paraguay known as "El 
Gran Chaco." After some time spent in exploring 
among these cruel and superstitious marsh-dwellers, 
they went south again and attempted to open a 
mission among the barbarous Indians of Tierra del 
Fuego. They are among the lowest people in the 



84 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

world, huddling in filthy, miserable huts made of 
reeds, and living upon sea-foods of various kinds 
gathered by the women of the tribe. They have few 
nets or other tackle, but the women depend upon what 
they can catch by diving into the cold waters of those 
barren and wind- whipped shores south of the 54th 
parallel of latitude. Banner Cove was chosen as their 
first mission station. But their outfit was too small. 
They lacked supplies and equipment for intelligent 
and fruitful work among the Indians. Some explor- 
ing was done, but in their absence from Banner Cove 
the Indians stole nearly all of their possessions. 

Again he went to England, where he worked un- 
tiringly to gather a force of workers and collect funds 
to equip, send, and maintain them in Tierra del Fuego. 
The new party, made up of Captain Gardiner and six 
others, sailed September 7, 1850. 

After reaching Banner Cove hardship and starva- 
tion dogged their steps. Driven from Banner Cove 
to Spaniard Harbor by the truculence and pilfering of 
the Indians whom they had come to save, they waited 
and prayed for the coming of the promised supply 
ship. Slowly dying of hunger and thirst, the little 
company scanned the horizons in vain for the promised 
ship bearing food and equipment. When it finally 
came, every member of this gallant band lay dead 
upon the shore. Their death had taken place one 
month before. The entries in Captain Gardiner's 
journal form a tribute to his faith and utter devotion 
to God. He died in a cavern in the rocks. A British 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 85 

searching party was guided by a hand painted on the 
stone at the entrance of this cavern, and near it 
Gardiner had traced this quotation from the 62nd 
Psalm : 

"My soul, wait thou only upon God ; 
For my expectation is from him, 
He only is my rock and my salvation : 
He is my defense ; I shall not be moved. 
In God is my salvation and my glory : 
The rock of my strength, and my refuge, is in God. 
Trust in him at all times ; 
Ye people, pour out your heart before him; 
God is a refuge for us." 

The story of the sad yet heroic end of Captain 
Gardiner and his entire party stirred the Anglican 
Church to its depths. The South American Missionary- 
Society took on new life, and not long afterward 
opened work both among the Araucanians of south 
Chile and the aborigines in the Gran Chaco of Argen- 
tina and Paraguay. Through this society Captain 
Gardiner "being dead yet speaketh." 

Bagby and Taylor, The Southern Baptist Conven- 
tion sent the Rev. W. B. Bagby to Brazil in 1881, and 
the Rev. Z. C. Taylor in 1882. The opening of their 
work in South America was brought about in a curious 
way. Immediately after the close of the Civil War a 
colony of Southern families migrated to Brazil and 
settled at Santa Barbara in the state of Sao Paulo. 
General A. T. Hawthorne was one of the leaders in 



86 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

the movement. He was an active and eloquent layman 
among the Southern Baptists. He returned to Texas 
and began stirring up the Baptist leaders to make an 
effort to do something to give pure religion to the 
South Americans. 

Mr. Bagby and Mr. Taylor removed the mission 
headquarters from Santa Barbara to Bahia — seven 
hundred miles northeast — leaving the church first 
founded among the colony in Sao Paulo province to 
carry on its own work. From the very inception of 
the work in Bahia the blessing of God was upon the 
mission. The first Brazilian members were men and 
women of fine spiritual discernment. An ex-priest of 
great learning and eloquence joined the new church — 
Teixeira de Albuquerque. Mr. Bagby taught him 
thoroughly in evangelical doctrine, and he developed 
into a strong national leader. 

Recognizing in the worship of the Virgin, and in 
the mediatorial office which Rome teaches that she 
holds, one of the fundamental errors of that Church, 
Mrs. Taylor translated "The Portrait of Mary as 
She is in Heaven" from the writings of Roussel. 
Her husband secured its publication in a daily news- 
paper. The effect was immediate and amazing. It 
could not be declared false, for it was a translation 
of an approved and standard publication of the Church. 
What the priests felt most keenly was the public ex- 
posure of their real beliefs as to the Virgin. Religion 
became at once the theme of the street and the store 
and the home. Persecution became more severe, but 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 87 

many came to the services to learn more of the Way 
of Life. 

Mr. Taylor wrote in those days : "Sometimes our 
house was stoned, sometimes we were ourselves stoned 
in the streets. Brother Bagby was laid prostrate by a 
stone while preaching. 

"The usual way of opening mission work was to 
get a house in a central yet retired place ; either second- 
story or in back rooms to evade the stones which might 
be thrown in and to avoid public notice. Ours was in 
the second story of a building. When we opened for 
worship, one would preach, one take charge of the 
outer door and one the inner door; so we preached to 
people along the way in and out ; the outer man giving 
tracts and inviting visitors to return. 

"The music attracted some. While the novelty 
lasted there were constant comers, but it only lasted 
three months. Then we would often find our hall 
quite vacant; therefore, we decided if the people would 
not come to us we would go to them. From that time 
we were regularly visiting the shops, stores, and any 
place where we could get people to listen to our 
,message." 

Antagonism and bitter persecution became the lot 
of the young church which was so rapidly coming 
into the notice and confidence of the public. Both Mr. 
Taylor and his wife were arrested on another occasion 
as he was about to baptize new members. The hall 
where he preached was stoned, and even the city 
officials lent their aid and comfort to the mob. Church- 



88 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

members were evicted by Catholic landlords, under 
orders from ecclesiastics "higher up." Practically all 
the men who united with the church were summarily 
dismissed from their positions by Catholic employers. 

In August, 1884, Mr. and Mrs. Bagby organized the 
first Baptist congregation in Rio de Janeiro, the capital 
of the empire. Again strong leadership and the blessing 
of God are shown in the conversion and development 
of strong national pastors and evangelists. Self- 
support was constantly emphasized by this pioneer 
and founder of churches. Stewardship of property 
was stressed, and converts were constantly urged to 
measure up to their responsibility for the salvation of 
their countrymen. So well did these early leaders instil 
this fundamental lesson for all new work that the per 
capita giving of Baptists in the Brazilian Church in 
19 14 was six dollars per member. 

Mr. Bagby is still in the field, laboring in Sao Paulo 
with unabated zeal. Ill health drove Mr. Taylor and 
his wife from the field, but they are exerting a powerful 
influence for the Brazilian work among the churches 
throughout the South. 

W. Barbrooke Grubb. In 1889 the South American 
Missionary Society sent the Rev. W. Barbrooke Grubb 
into the Gran Chaco to relieve Adolpho Henricksen 
in the work which they had begun among Lengua 
Indians. Mr. Grubb was only twenty-three years of 
age, and he faced a task which might well have caused 
a Livingstone or a Paton to shrink. 

The territory comprises nearly two hundred thou- 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 89 

sand square miles of tropical country and is a huge 
heavily wooded swamp or jungle from one side to the 
other. Pouring rains, intense heat, swarming insect 
life, dense shade, impassable morasses, and utter re- 
moteness from civilized society are some of the visible 
factors entering into the unpleasantness to be endured 
in the life upon which he entered. 

But the squalor, the illiteracy, the cruel superstitions 
and revolting practises of the Indians whom he was 
to lead to Christ dwarfed all lesser and more tangible 
difficulties. His books, Unknown People in an Un- 
known Land and The Church in the Wild, give modest 
yet graphic pictures of missionary work carried on in 
the face of discouragements of the most depressing 
kind. An English soldier who served in the Argentine 
army in the Gran Chaco saw the people among whom 
Mr. Grubb and his associates were at work and wrote 
to a friend: 

"Wo to the poor soldier who falls into their -hands ; 
the cruelties inflicted on such would stain the paper 
on which they were written. Of course we know that 
they are uncivilized and savage, or next door, and 
have never been taught a word about God and religion 
as we have; therefore, we ought to pity and, if possible, 
help them. Why don't some of the missionaries come 
out here? They go among savages in Africa, in 
Australia, and many more places. Why don't they 
come here? There is plenty of scope for them, and 
a very large tract of land only waiting the moment 
that those Indians are brought under. I am sure 



90 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

that three or four missionaries in a year would do 
more than ten regiments/ ' 

Two out of many experiences will show something 
of the inner life of the Lengua tribes. "A woman lay 
dying," writes Mr. Grubb. "The men of her family 
prepared to bury her while life was yet in her body. 
I removed the matting with which they had covered 
her face. Her pleading eyes met my gaze and in a 
faint voice she implored me to give her a drink of 
water. This I procured for her, greatly to the annoy- 
ance of the rest. Presently two men drew near 
bringing a pole with them and announcing that the 
grave was ready. It was now about six o'clock and 
the sun was fast setting. (According to their laws 
the funeral ceremony must be concluded before the 
red glow has died out of the sky.) 

"There then ensued a heated altercation between 
myself and the men, I protesting against her burial and 
they eager to hasten it, her husband being one of the 
party. Eventually they agreed to wait until the last 
possible moment, which was not long in coming. I 
examined her again. She seemed to be quite uncon- 
scious, but was still breathing. Life, however, could 
not last much longer. In spite of my further pleading 
they carried her off, burying her without mutilation 
and only placing fire in the grave. I did not wait at 
the grave-side more than a few minutes, but hurried 
back to the village in order to soothe her three months' 
old child which had been left in a hammock. I had 
never even heard of their horrible custom of burying 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 91 

an infant, thus left, with its mother, and I quite con- 
cluded that the father intended taking it with him 
when the rites were completed. What was my horror, 
therefore, when the father and another man appeared 
and prepared to carry the child off. 

" 'You surely will not till the infant/ I said. 'Oh, 
no/ he replied; 'the mother would be angry. Our 
custom is to place it in the grave with the mother/ 
'What! Alive?' I asked. 'Yes, such is our way/ 
he replied, and he appeared very angry at the mere 
suggestion on my part of any further interference with 
their customs/' 

Mr. Grubb insisted, and took the child himself and 
saved its life, feeding it on rice-water and eggs until 
he could rally the superstitious father and sister to 
come to his aid. But after a few months the little 
one died. 

Some time after this experience, Mr. Grubb was 
going on a preaching trip to a distant tribe known as 
the Toothli. His guide was supposedly a friendly 
Indian named Poit. After many actions which aroused 
suspicion in Mr. Grubb' s mind, Poit shot him in the 
back with an arrow. But the missionary managed to 
get to a stream. "The water revived me somewhat, 
and I then proceeded to extract the arrow. This 
caused me great difficulty owing to its awkward posi- 
tion. On extracting it, I found that the point was 
bent and twisted, which partly accounted for the diffi- 
culty I had in pulling it out/' He was found and 
assisted to the nearest village where he was cared for 



92 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

as well as they knew how. "That night was to me 
a night of horror and discomfort, and to add to my 
pain, a roving goat landed squarely upon my chest. 
Having no net, I also suffered from the swarms of 
mosquitoes. " 

The next day he had many visitors. "On leaving 
me they all without exception imparted the pleasing 
information that I could not possibly live, so they had 
selected an exceptionally good site for my last resting- 
place/ ' v 

The Lengua Indians regard swooning and dying as 
identical, and proceed to bury as soon as the person 
is unconscious. The terror of swooning and being 
buried alive added to the excruciating pain from the 
deep arrow wound, gave him another day and night of 
mental and physical agony. The next day he staggered 
on as best he could, helped by friendly Indians. On 
arriving at the mission station he became unconscious 
and remembers nothing for many weeks. As soon 
as he was able to travel, he was taken four hundred 
miles east to Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay, where 
good medical care restored him to health again. On 
his return trip he says : "There was no doubt that the 
whole tribe had been strongly affected and that the 
action of Poit had directly paved the way to the 
acceptance of the gospel. ,, Some fifteen months after, 
Bishop Stirling of the Falkland Islands baptized Philip 
and James, two sincere and earnest natives, and thus 
laid the foundation of the Lengua Indian Church. 

In a communication to Commission I of the 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 93 

Congress on Christian Work in Latin America, Mr. 
Grubb says : 

"The Roman Catholic Church at the present time 
is for practical purposes outside of consideration, so 
far as solving the problem of the salvation of these 
Indian tribes is concerned. ... In vast districts . . . 
that Church is not even known, nor have the Indians 
any traditions concerning it. . . . My Society has a 
fully organized mission work among the Lengua- 
mascoi in the Paraguayan Chaco. Here we have also 
an established work, under trained men fully con- 
versant with the Indian language, customs, and ways, 
among the Sanapanas, while we are pioneering among 
the Sulim tribes. A missionary staff is now engaged 
in pioneer work among Matacos and Tobas in the 
Argentine Chaco. . . . For the last eighteen years we 
have proceeded on a definite, well-considered plan, so 
arranged as to enable all our missions to be linked 
together, advancing from tribe to tribe along definitely 
laid down routes, each mission so merging into its 
neighbor that they all obtain the benefits of mutual 
help. ... As a Society we work on strictly evangelical 
lines. . . . Our first aim is to plant pure Christianity 
among the people. . . ." 

Mr. Grubb has a record of service to the neglected 
pagans of South America which is an inspiration to 
all the churches of Christ. He is in the prime of life, 
and should see many victories for his Lord before he 
must give up active work. 

David Trumbull. This servant of the King preached 



94 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

his first sermon in South America in the harbor of 
Valparaiso, Chile, in January, 1846, on board the 
steamship Mississippi, on which he had sailed from 
the United States. He was a Presbyterian who was 
sent to Chile by a loosely organized society of Prot- 
estants in the United States, but when the Board of 
Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church opened 
work in Chile, he naturally united with them. 

Dr. Trumbull's work in Valparaiso led to the found- 
ing of the Union Church, to the establishment of 
an orphanage, and popular schools, and for over forty 
years he was the chief moral and spiritual human 
factor in that growing seaport. 

At the beginning of his work he was fought step 
by step by the priests and other officers of the Roman 
Church. British and German business men provided 
the funds for a house of worship where all the preach- 
ing would be in English or German. But the law 
forbade "public worship' ' ; so, although they were not 
permitted to give the chapel any of the appearance of 
a house of worship, still the fact that it opened on a 
public street made it public, and Dr. Trumbull and his 
official members were forced to hide their chapel behind 
a high and unsightly wall. 

His whole life was devoted to Chile. Although his 
chief work was that of ministering to British people, 
he so mastered the Spanish language that his preaching 
and writings in the tongue of the nation commanded 
the utmost respect of critical readers and hearers. 
His part in the continent-wide struggle for the passage 



SPIRIT OF PIONEERS 95 

of laws granting civil marriage and religious liberty 
was a very large one. In Chile he was the central 
figure. When these laws were being debated in the 
Congress of that nation, he vowed that, if they were 
to become the laws of the land, he would become a 
citizen of Chile out of gratitude and confidence in its 
leaders. The reforms were won. The shackles of 
religious intolerance were broken and Dr. Trumbull 
kept his vow. 

On a beautiful stone slab which covers his grave 
in the foreign cemetery in Valparaiso loving and 
appreciative friends have set down some of his virtues 
and much of their gratitude and love. 

Memorle Sacrum 

The Reverend 

David Trumbull, D.D. 

Founder and Minister of the Union Church, Valparaiso 

Born in Elizabeth, N. J., 1st of Nov., 1819. 

Died in Valparaiso, 1st of Feb., 1899. 

For forty-three years he gave himself to unwearied 
and successful effort in the cause of evangelical truth, 
and religious liberty in this country. As a gifted and 
faithful minister and as a friend he was honored and 
loved by foreign residents on this coast. In his public 
life he was the counselor of statesmen, the supporter 
of every good enterprise, the helper of the poor, and 
the consoler of the afflicted. 



96 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

In memory of 
His eminent services, fidelity, charity, and sympathy 

This monument 

Has been raised by his friends in this community 

And by citizens of his adopted country. 

Thus these pioneers were. Thus they wrought. 
The men who founded the evangelical work in South 
America were men of large mold, and men of clear 
vision, suffering not at all in comparison with the 
pathfinders and pacemakers for missionary effort in 
continents upon .which more of prayer and expenditure 
in life and treasure have been made. They are "not 
a whit behind the chiefest apostles" of the modern or 
the ancient missionary campaigns of the Lord. They 
heard the Macedonian cry from a continent walled 
high against any worker bringing a pure gospel. They 
consulted not with flesh and blood, and counted not 
their lives dear unto themselves so that they might 
finish their missionary course in South America with 
joy. Their names are on high. Others equally worthy 
of notice have not been mentioned for lack of space. 
But named and unnamed the founders of modern 
missions have left "footprints of mighty marchers 
gone that way" of continental conquest in the name 
of their Lord. 



V 

PRESENT-DAY RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 

Three facts bulk largely in the mind of the student 
of the present-day problems of South American mis- 
sionary work : remnants of intolerance in religion, the 
spiritual and moral destitution of the millions of that 
vast continent, and the lack of missionaries to minister 
to this spiritual poverty. Travel where one may, and 
establish points of social and religious contact at as 
many places as possible, these facts assume propor- 
tions of increasing significance. 

Religious Intolerance 

The first Protestant missionaries found the native 
populations of Spanish-speaking South America 
ringed about with iron bands of religious intolerance. 
The nation which had established the terrible inquisi- 
tion had so far stamped its image upon the hearts of 
the men who framed the nine new republics into which 
Spain's possessions on that continent fell after the 
"The Ten Years' War," that they wrote intolerance 
in religion into every one of the new constitutions. 

In 1 8 19 General Simon Bolivar urged the newly- 
organized Congress of Venezuela to grant religious 
liberty to all the inhabitants of the new state. General 

97 



98 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

San Martin went further ; he issued a decree granting 
religious toleration to all creeds in Peru. This his- 
toric utterance was published in full in the official 
Gazette, October 17, 1821. 

In the Assembly which drafted the first Constitu- 
tion of Peru a liberal-minded priest who was a member 
of the body proposed that the article on religion should 
read simply: 

"The religion of the State is the religion of Jesus 
Christ." As finally adopted, however, the Constitu- 
tion of that most bigoted state, Article IV., included 
these words: 

"The nation professes the Roman Catholic Apostolic 
Religion. The State protects it, and does not permit 
the public exercise of any other" * 

This was the usual Constitutional wording in all 
the Republics. In Peru, the Penal Code provided that 
any attempts to abolish or alter the Roman Catholic 
religion should be punished by "expulsion from the 
country for three years," and that a similar punish- 
A ment should be meted out to whoever "celebrates any 
>public act of worship other than the Roman Catholic" 
within the bounds of that nation. Heresy was consti- 
tuted the first and deadliest crime against the states. 

But, this was not done without opposition. Eminent 
patriots stoutly fought to prevent such laws. 

The story of the gallant and victorious fight for 
religious liberty in South America is one of the most 



/ 



italics by author. 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 99 

moving and thrilling that can be found in the history 
of missions. It is a story in which the actors are so 
daring, so diplomatic, so resourceful, and so sublimely 
confident that defeat was impossible, that when it 
is written for all the world to read it will stir the 
churches as few chapters of modern missions have the 
power to do. It is the story foretold by Isaiah in 
which "one shall chase a thousand and two put ten 
thousand to flight." A few names loom up through 
the smoke of that long battle, and more are written 
on high which we may never know. Dr. Thomas B. 
Wood, Don Pablo Besson, Dr. John F. Thompson, Dr. 
William Goodfellow, Dr. David Trumbull, Dr. Pratt 
and men of like fiber faced an entrenched ecclesiasti- 
cism, arrogant, rich and past masters in all the arts of 
intrigue and "leagued unfaithfulness/' and by the good 
blessing of God, and the earnest support of that element 
in all of the republics which stood for the liberal views 
of Bolivar and San Martin and their supporters, beat 
them on their own ground. To-day every republic of 
South America grants a more or less liberal religious 
toleration to all creeds, and in Uruguay, Argentina, 
and Chile there is practically all the religious freedom 
that we enjoy in the United States and Canada. 

The last stronghold to fall was that of Peru. This 
was as all had anticipated. Peru was the capital of 
Spain in the New World. To Lima her viceroys 
and archbishops came, and with them all the grandees 
of the empire who would bask in the reflected rays 
of colonial glory. Both state and Church were "true 



ioo SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

to form" in Lima. But Dr. Thomas B. Wood was 
moved there by the Methodist Episcopal Church 
almost at once after the liberation of the Rev. Fran- 
cisco Penzotti from eight months of imprisonment in 
the filthy common jail of Callao for the crime of 
preaching to a few souls in a private house. The 
Peruvian courts had ruled that his offense was not one 
that merited imprisonment, as he had not celebrated 
an "act of public worship." It was in a private house. 
The invitations were privately extended. There was 
no singing. Therefore it was not a public service 
within the meaning of Article IV of the Constitution. 
At last Dr. Wood's labors and the toil and prayers of 
others who aided culminated in November of 191 5, 
when both houses of Congress passed a constitu- 
tional provision granting religious toleration in Peru. 
Tumultous scenes marked the last stages of this 
struggle. Fanatical women have ever been the main 
agents of a fanatical priesthood. Browning was wholly 
right when he put this saying into the mouth of one 
of the priests in The Ring and the Book: 

"Priests play with women, maids, wives, mothers, why? 
These play with men and take them off our hands." 

About two thousand Catholic women were enlisted 
to help compass the defeat of the bill when it should 
be put on its final passage. It had been passed by 
both houses in October. The President had refused 
to sign it. According to Peruvian law, the bill could 
become a law if passed again by Congress when it had 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 101 

remained a certain number of days without signature 
by the President. When that day came these women 
were marshaled in churches near to the houses of 
Congress and on signal they rushed into the building 
together with priests and a few loyal Catholic men 
shouting "Viva la Religion Catolica Romana/' and 
sought thereby to drown the voices of those debating 
and voting. An intrepid priest seized the bill from 
the hand of the officer who was presenting it for final 
vote and tore it into shreds. But to the credit of 
those Peruvian legislators, the disturbers were ejected 
from the legislative chambers and the vote taken in 
an orderly manner. The original bill passed by an 
overwhelming majority! The last ten words had been 
taken from Article IV of the Peruvian Constitution. 
The struggle of more than half a century was at an 
end. Once more the forces of righteousness can say, 
"His right hand, and his holy arm, hath wrought 
salvation for him." 

But it is sometimes a far cry from law to enforce- 
ment. It must be said that religious liberty in South 
American states does not mean religious equality 
before the law. When the law has been put on the 
statute book it is yet to be enforced. Where civil 
administrators are friendly to that law, enforcement 
is easy and becomes the normal thing to expect. But 
in bigoted centers and in the benighted interior of 
many a republic evangelical workers must fight for all 
the rights they enjoy. 

Persecutions are the common lot of nearly all who 



102 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

espouse the cause of Protestantism. In the early days, 
even in Brazil, where a modified form of religious 
toleration has been in force since the establishment 
of the constitutional monarchy under Dom Pedro I, 
these persecutions have had to be endured by the mis- 
sionary and his converts as good soldiers of Jesus 
Christ. In Buenos Aires forty years ago Dr. John 
F. Thompson preached after being openly threatened 
with death if he continued. Believers who knew their 
rights under the new laws came armed to the services 
and sat about him to defend him in his work as a 
preacher of the gospel. 

Up on the border of Bolivia is the lonely grave of 
a humble but fearless colporteur of the American 
Bible Society who was put to death because he was 
distributing the Bible among the common people and 
telling them the way of salvation by faith. 

The common procedure of the priests, when Protes- 
tant workers come to a town in the interior, is to tell 
the Indians and the ignorant peons that these pestifer- 
ous heretics keep an image of Christ upon the cross, 
and take delight in secretly reviling it, spitting upon it, 
and submitting it to other unnamable indignities, and 
that they keep and mistreat an image of the Virgin. 
These stories so roused ignorant half-breeds near 
Oruro, Bolivia, about ten years ago, that the police 
and his friends were compelled to hold a Protestant 
worker several hours practically a prisoner to protect 
him from a mob that had heated irons to run him 
through as a heretic and an enemy of all that is good. 



Copyright bu Keystone Vie"- C 



Copyright by Keystont View Co. 





Copyright by Underwood & Undt 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRALS 
Buenos Aires, Argentina Santiago, Chile 

Arequipa, Peru Lima, Peru 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 103 

In Brazil a prominent officer of the army, Captain 
Egydio, was powerfully converted after months of 
wonderment over the great change which conversion 
had brought to relatives and friends. His family 
thought him demented, he was so filled with joy in 
God and gave his testimony so publicly and fearlessly 
to the saving grace of Christ. They went so far as 
to cut his hair and rub liniment on his head to allay 
his mental disturbance as they deemed it. A priest 
paid two men sixty dollars to kill him. They came 
to his home and asked for employment. He invited 
them in and promised them work, but asked them to 
remain to prayers. As he had been telling them what 
wonderful things Christ would do for them if they 
would but repent of all their sins, they were so wrought 
upon that they could not shoot him as they had agreed 
to do. Later a priest prevailed upon him to stay with 
him over a night. He refused wine, but after taking 
coffee he became suddenly and violently ill. He firmly 
believed he had been poisoned. Later on he and the 
Rev. Z. C Taylor, a Baptist missionary, were set upon 
while on a preaching tour and beaten and covered with 
mud. Only by the mercy of God were they saved from 
instant death. Through it all he never showed resent- 
ment, nor appeared to think that it was anything 
unusual for a servant "to be as his Lord." 

Threats of violence are common in nearly all parts 
of the field to the present hour. Homes are watched, 
and if a child from any one of these homes attends a 
Protestant Sunday-school, or if any member of the 



104 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

family visits the missionary or goes even once to the 
preaching or prayer service, a beata 1 is sent to warn 
against a repetition of the offense on pain of churchly 
penalties. In opening new work within the past two 
years in the shrine city of Lujan, near Buenos Aires, 
the men and women who have done the witnessing 
have been compelled to suffer indignities at the hands 
of those who are set on by the priests. The people 
in North America seem scarcely to be able to credit 
these occurrences when we tell about them. 

Disabilities are imposed upon Protestants in the 
public schools. In many of the republics instruction in 
the doctrines of the Roman Church is compulsory. In 
yx^the public hospital in Lima, Peru, one of the regula- 
tions in the list posted for the public to see and observe 
prohibits "anything contrary to the religion of the 
institution." This is interpreted to prohibit having a 
Testament or Bible or reading it. The nurses are 
nuns in their regulation dress, and those who refuse 
to confess or "conform" in some visible way are often 
made to suffer without food or medicine or care. 

Burial is another matter in which practise follows 
legislation afar off. In Argentina or Chile the ceme- 
teries have all been secularized. In Peru and Bolivia 
there are public cemeteries for only the larger cities, 
and these, away from the capital, all too often resemble 



Pronounced be-ah'-tah. A Catholic woman absorbed in devo- 
tion to the Church and religion who is at the call of the priests 
for this kind of work. 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 105 

a rubbish heap rather than the last sacred resting- 
place of the remains of loved ones. 

Converts are made to feel the heavy hand of Rome 
in a kind of organized boycott of all who profess the 
new faith. So long as no such confession is made, 
the individual may live in open sin without rebuke 
from the Church which claims his membership ; but let 
him unite with the members being gathered in any one 
of the Missions and his employer is notified that it 
will be best for his trade if this obnoxious person is 
removed from his list of employees. The landlord 
who rents the house to him and his family receives a 
similar warning, and the convert is fortunate indeed 
if his landlord and employer have sufficient courage to 
ignore these attempts to punish him for seeking that 
which the law of the land permits him to enjoy. The 
spirit which gave rise to the inquisition still animates 
the leaders of the historic ecclesiasticism where this 
work is being carried on. That the same punishments 
cannot be inflicted as were possible in the days of the 
rack, the thumbscrew, and the auto da fe, is due to the 
new political and religious tides which are rising ever 
more steadily in the midst of Latin society. 

Moral and Spiritual Destitution 

South America does not have the gospel. Her mil- 
lions have almost no means of finding their way to 
Christ. They do not have the Word of God. The 
two great Bible Societies have strained every resource 



io6 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

to put the Scriptures into the hands of all the people 
of the continent, but "still there is room." Priests 
have forbidden their purchase or acceptance. Once 
they have been bought, the same enemies of the Word 
W have called them in and have destroyed them. Mil- 
rS lions cannot read. It is still, despite many Bibles 
distributed, a Scriptureless continent. In millions of 
homes there is not a leaf of the Bible, nor even the 
most elementary knowledge of what the Bible really is. 
The Roman Church is not a preaching Church. 
Except in the larger cities of the coasts where foreign 
influence is strongly at work there are not a score of 
sermons a year preached in the language of the people 
in any of their churches. There are no prayers in the 
language which the common people understand. It 
is a Church which lives on ritualistic services, and 

N teaches its people that these forms and sacraments of 

themselves have power to both give and sustain 
spiritual life. The Catechism of Christian Doctrine 
approved by the Bishop of Chile, edition of 1904, 
confirms the claim just made — if confirmation is 
needed by any reader of this book : 

Question. Who is a Christian? 

Answer. He who is baptized, and who believes and 
professes the doctrines of Jesus Christ and belongs to 
the visible Church which has the Pope for its head. 

Question. What do the sacraments teach us? 

Answer. In the sacraments we are taught the means 
to obtain divine grace with which we acquire and 
maintain the virtues. 



v\ 







CORPUS CHRISTI VIRGIN IN CHURCH 

PROCESSION 
DAXCIXG BEFORE VIRGIN INDIANS AND IDOLS 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 107 

Question. What is the sign of the Christian? 

Answer. The Holy Cross. 

Question. In what ways should we use the sign of 
the Cross? 

Answer. In two ways which are called to "sign" 
one's self (or cross one's self) and to sanctify one's 
self. 

Question. What is it to sanctify one's self? 

Answer. To make a cross with the fingers of the 
right hand from the front to the breast and from the 
left shoulder to the right saying : "In the name of the 
Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost. Amen." 

Question. What virtues have the sign of the Cross ? 

Answer. To drive out evil spirits, to help us ta 
resist temptations, and to draw to us the blessings of 
Heaven. 

Question. What are the spiritual blessings of the 
Church ? 

Answer. 1. The merits of our Lord Jesus Christ. 

2. The grace of the Sacraments and the fruits of 
the Sacrifice of the Mass. 

3. The merits of the Most Holy Virgin and of the 
Saints. 

4. The prayers and good works of the faithful and 
the indulgences. 

Quotations multiplied to the length of a chapter 
could not make it more perfectly clear that there is 
no teaching of the Scriptural doctrine of the begin- 
nings of spiritual life in regeneration, and of the 
feeding of this new life of God by preaching, by the 



108 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

private study of the Word and secret prayer. If that 
teaching is enjoyed in any part of the South American 
continent, it is at the hands of the evangelical mis- 
sionaries or of those who have found the Savior 
through their teachings. 

To this impotency of the Established Church as a 
means of imparting spiritual truth must be added the 
impending collapse of traditional Christian faith and 
the feebleness of our constructive efforts to render 
aid. Rationalism, materialism, naturalism, and posi- 
tivism are now dominant throughout South America. 
"In a religious classification, the total population may 
be divided into four groups varying numerically in 
proportion to each other in the several countries, but 
no group is absent from any one. They are (i) a 
violent anticlerical party, many of whom carry their 
opposition to religion of every form; (2) the more 
or less well-reasoned atheists and skeptics who look 
indulgently upon religion as harmless for women and 
for the lower classes, but who are themselves indif- 
ferent to its claims upon them personally; (3) the 
dissatisfied if not disillusioned and groping companies 
of souls who soon pass on to cynicism and hardness 
of heart; (4) those whose period of doubt and break- 
ing away is ahead of them as they are overtaken by 
free education." x The undermining of belief proceed- 
ing on a national scale in every division of the field is 
patent to all observers. It is reported that ninety per 



Commission I, Panama Congress. 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 109 

cent, of the population of Colombia are unbelievers in 
one form or another. In Ecuador it is generally con- 
sidered a sign of education and learning to express 
doubt of every dogma of the Church. Almost the 
entire student body of Peru is hostile to the Church. 
It is reported that the members of Congress and nearly 
all the government students of Bolivia are sworn 
enemies of the Church. The state teachers, the gov- 
ernment university students, and the high-school boys 
of Chile are anticlerical. An Argentine leader recently 
divided his fellow countrymen into three classes : those 
of no religious convictions, who support the Roman 
Catholic Church; those who have no religious convic- 
tions, but who oppose the Church ; those who have no 
religious convictions, and are indifferent to all 
churches. These three classes include fairly ninety 
per cent, of the men of the Argentine republic. The 
great mass of Brazilian students are not only alienated 
from the Church but antagonistic to all religion. Mr. 
J. H. Warner, of Pernambuco, said in his address at 
the Rochester Student Volunteer Convention: 

"Senor Argymiro Galvao was at one time lecturer 
on philosophy in the law school in Sao Paulo, in many 
respects the leading law school in Brazil. One of his 
lectures, 'The Conception of God/ was published as a 
tract as late as 1906. I quote the following from that 
lecture : 'The Catholic faith is dead. There is no longer 
confidence in Christian dogma. The supernatural has 
been banished from the domain of science. The con- 
quests of philosophy have done away with the old 



no SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

preconception of spirituality. Astronomy with La 
Place, has invaded the heavenly fields and in all celes- 
tial space there has not been found a kingdom for 
your God. ... We are in the realm of realism. The 
reason mediates not on theological principles, but upon 
facts furnished by experience. God is a myth, he has 
no reality, he is not an object of science. . . . Man in- 
vented gods and God that the world might be ruled. 
These conceptions resulted from his progressive intel- 
ligence. The simple spirit refrains from all criticisms 
and accepts the idea of God without resistance. The 
cultured spirit repels the idea in virtue of its inherent 
contradictions/ 

"Galvao is only one of many educators in the best 
school of Brazil who have broken with the Church, 
and of all the hundreds of students that annually sit 
under these teachings very few could be found who 
would question the accuracy of this line of thought or 
seek to justify the Christian faith. The great diffi- 
culty that confronts the laborer in this field is not that 
of tearing men away from an old faith. The great 
majority have already repudiated their old faith. The 
pity of it is that they think they have repudiated 
Christianity/' 1 

When the European War broke out in 19 14, the 
author was forced to cross the Andes to meet an 
engagement in Bolivia. I crossed by mule stage and 
had ten Latin Americans as my fellow passengers 
for several days. One of them was an officer going 

Rochester Convention, 327, 328. 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS in 

to La Paz to take his seat. Another was a custom- 
house officer of the Bolivian government. Another 
was a teacher in the public school system of Argentina. 
Another was an officer of the Bolivian government. 
Another was the minister from one of the other 
republics to Bolivia, and there were others whose pro- 
fessions I do not now recall, but all were educated 
men. Not one of them made the least profession of 
loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church, but on the way 
across ridiculed the priests for their stupidity and im- 
morality and denounced the Church as the prime source 
of many national evils. 

Crossing the continent in the Trans-Andean Rail- 
way, I was seated with a professor from one of the 
state universities. He told me that, in over twenty 
years of teaching in government schools, his impres- 
sion was that not five per cent, of the government 
school students of college grade had any religious 
beliefs at all. A teacher in one of the universities told 
me that he was an agnostic and regretted it; that in 
his boyhood he had been a firm believer in the 
Church but he had been educated in Europe and had 
seen the mischievous effects of just such teaching. 
He said "I am hungry for God, and if my reason could 
be satisfied with the evidences that Christianity is 
true, it would be an infinite rest to my soul." 

Many Latin Americans, literate and unlearned alike, 
the earnest educator, statesman and others in public and 
private life condemn and deplore such a deplorable 
situation. "In El Stir of Arequipa, Peru, November 14, 



ii2 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

1 9 14, in an article headed 'Ruin' the writer says: 1 
'That which cannot be cured, and which foreshadows 
death is moral failure. And this is the veil of this 
country. . . . We breathe a fetid atmosphere and are 
not sickened. The life of the country is poisoned, and 
the country needs a life purification. In the state in 
which we are the passing of the years does not change 
men, it only accentuates the evil. A purging and a 
struggle are absolutely necessary.' The vice-rector of 
La Plata University, Argentina, in his opening 
address of the college year, called upon the university 
to recognize its obligation to develop character in the 
young men who pass through its halls. Tt is with 
great sadness that I witness the steady decrease in the 
number of unselfish, idealistic, genuine men. How 
engulfing the tide of selfishness, of rebellion, of indis- 
cipline, and of unsatiable ambition! Impunity so 
commonly supplants justice that I fear for the spiritual 
future of the land of my children, unless we make 
haste to remedy the great evil, which is disregard for 
the noble, and the great and unmeasured lust for 
material riches/ This man who knows what he 
wants, but knows not how to get it, closed with the 
characteristically pessimistic note of almost all South 
Americans of high ideals. He quoted from Vogaz- 
zaro's The Saint, as follows : 'There are men who 
believe they disbelieve in God and who, when sickness 
and death approach, say, "Such is the law of life; such 



Quoted in Commission I, Panama Congress. 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 113 

is nature; such is the order of the universe. Let us 
bow the head, accept without a murmur, and go on 
complying with our duty." ' 'Gentlemen/ said the 
rector to his faculty, 'such men let us form not only 
in the University of La Plata, but in the great complex 
university of Argentina/ It is pathetic that such 
men know not the way. It is a call in the dark — but 
it is an increasingly loud call, an increasingly earnest 
call, a call that honestly wishes light. God hears that 
call and will not be long in answering unless men who 
know the way out are culpably slothful." 

An Inadequate Missionary Force 

"The laborers are few." How few we learn from 
the Report of Commission I of Panama Congress, 
19 1 6. In the Appendix of this masterly report on 
"Survey and Occupation" the total number of ordained 
foreign missionaries in all of South America is shown 
to be 320! In North America, in the evangelical 
churches, there are 160,000 clergymen, or one for every 
622 of the whole population. In South America there 
is one ordained minister for every 156,250 of the 
population, against one to every 622 in North America. 

For Brazil this report gives 92 ordained foreign 
missionaries, or one to every 233,271. For Venezuela 
but three such workers are reported, or one to every 
914,000 of the population! Argentina has only 70, or 
one ordained man to every 102,000, and this is more 
or less the relative supply of workers from abroad in 
all the republics. 




H4 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Add to the ordained workers those who are sent 
as laymen — physicians, teachers, industrial workers — 
wives of married missionaries, single women in various 
forms of work — and the total is only 1,114. 

Tens of thousands of towns and cities are without a 
single preacher of the doctrine of salvation by living 
faith in Christ. In the Argentine Republic, among 
all the organized towns and municipalities, there are 
Protestant churches in only thirty towns and villages. 
Cities with a population of from five to ninety-five 
thousand are entirely destitute of religious oppor- 
tunities of any vital kind. It would be easy to appoint 
three hundred trained missionaries to as many cities 
in South America having a population of five thou- 
sand and more where there is not a preaching service, 
or a Sunday-school, nor a prayer-meeting, nor any 
of the religious opportunities which constitute so 
large a part of our spiritual privileges in North 
America. Add to this fact that they are without reli- 
gious reading and millions are without the ability to 
read if books were in their hands, illiteracy reaching 
from forty to eighty-five per cent, in the different 
republics, and some estimate can be formed of the 
appalling spiritual destitution of the continent. 
Strategic centers of population are without gospel 
privileges. Smaller places are almost never occupied 
by the missionary or by national pastors. On the 
whole continent only 640 Protestant churches have 
been organized. Of these from two to fifteen are 
found in a single large city, leaving the number of 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 



ii5 



different towns and cities having a Protestant church 
organization not over four or five hundred. 

Tucuman in Argentina may well serve as an example 
of these unoccupied centers. It is a modern city 
having a population of 95,000 and connected by ex- 
cellent railways with the nation of which it is a pro- 
vincial capital. It has a national college with nearly 
one thousand students, wholesale houses of strength, 
electric street railways quite as good as those in our 
North American cities, banks with large capital, a 
five-story reenforced concrete hotel, with electric 
elevators, and baths in more than half of the rooms, 
with all appointments fine and modern. It is the 
political, civil, and commercial center for scores of 
smaller places, nearly all of which are easily reached 
by railway lines centering in Tucuman. But in that 
live and growing city, until July of 19 14, there was 
but one denominational Mission chapel represent- 
ing evangelical Christianity. At that time the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church opened work there, with the 
hearty cooperation of Mr. and Mrs. Clifford, who had 
labored faithfully fourteen years as the only repre- 
sentatives of evangelical teaching. The Methodists 
have only a rented place of worship, and but one 
married couple at work. Paying commercial and civil 
tribute to this city, there are scores of centers of popu- 
lation having from 1,000 to 20,000 inhabitants in 
which there is not now, and never has been a single 
missionary or native pastor, or Young Men's Christian 
Association or Young Women's Christian Association, 



n6 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

or Sunday-school, or efforts of any kind to tell the 
thousands of men and women the way to Christ. This 
is the situation to-day. It was the situation yesterday, 
and ten years ago, and will be the same in another 
century unless we plan more generously for the spread 
of the gospel. 

Why is the foreign force so small ? How can North 
American and European Christians explain their fail- 
ure to send forth laborers into these needy fields? 

The operation of the Monroe doctrine has had the 
effect of practically shutting European missionary 
forces out of South America. With few exceptions, 
the great European missionary societies have followed 
the flags of European nations into India, China, Africa, 
and the island world of the Pacific Ocean. As the 
Monroe doctrine forbids further European coloniza- 
tion in South America, these great societies have never 
been represented. Moreover, it is not at all likely that 
they ever will undertake work there. 

North Americans knew little of South America when 
missionary work was begun in the continent. Little 
enough is understood of actual conditions there even 
yet. But almost nothing was known then. Some early 
missionary workers advised delay in opening Christian 
efforts because of the difficulties growing out of in- 
tolerance in religion. A Mr. Brigham made a tour of 
South America in 1825, and advised the people of 
North America that a beginning better not be made at 
that time. He said in his report : 

"There is in that field a putrid mass of superstition 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 117 

on which the sun of liberty must shine still longer 
before we can safely enter in and labor. We must 
wait patiently a little longer until the Ruler of nations 
who has wrought such wonders in these countries 
during the last ten years shall open the way and bid 
us go forward." 

One can well believe that Mr. Brigham would have 
supported the ten spies who went to Canaan rather than 
have stood with doughty Caleb and Joshua, saying: 
"Let us go up at once and possess it; for we are well 
able to overcome it." Had the Churches of this land 
really understood what wide and effectual doors were 
thrown open to them by the revolution against Spain, 
the portion of South America where Spain had borne 
sway would have been rapidly brought under Protes- 
tant influences. The Rev. James Thompson of Scot- 
land seems to have been the only man of that age 
with a vision of what God meant all the evangelical 
Churches to see. 

From this failure to grasp the significance of South 
America as a great field of missionary endeavor, be- 
ginnings of missionary effort were feeble and inter- 
mittent. Where they should have entered boldly and 
invested generously, timidity and something almost 
like parsimony characterized their plans. In the report 
of the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church for 1838, we find this resolution: 

"Resolved, That the success which has attended our 
foreign missions calls for gratitude to God for what 
he has done, and for enlarged plans to extend their 



i 



118 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

usefulness, particularly in Africa, South America, and 
Texas." The report continues: "At the general 
meeting a collection was taken up amounting to $174.63 
and subscriptions were received for various missions, 
chiefly for Buenos Aires, to the amount of $345 in 
addition/' The same report goes on to state : "Being 
encouraged by the work of our Brother Spaulding in 
Rio de Janeiro, the American Bible Society has made 
our Missionary Society a donation of seventy-five 
Portuguese Bibles and twenty-five Testaments, which 
have been recently forwarded to Rio de Janeiro." It 
is hard to resist a smile when we think of the small- 
ness of plans for work in countries so vast and with 
such unmeasured possibilities as they possessed even 
then. A collection of $174.63 and a subscription from 
the representatives of a great denomination amounting 
to only $345, "chiefly for Buenos Aires," furnish all 
needed proof that the leaders of that day had a small 
idea of "enlarged plans to extend their usefulness in 
Africa, South America, and Texas!" The donation 
of Bibles is marked by the same characteristics. 
"Twenty-five New Testaments" for all of Brazil, and 
"seventy-five Portuguese Bibles !" 

The powerful advocacy of mission work in Asia and 
Africa, which has been supplied in the literature of 
European and American mission boards and by speak- 
ers from these fields, has been strangely lacking on 
behalf of South America. During all the period of 
missionary effort in South America the supporters of 
that work have been compelled to combat the wide- 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 119 

spread feeling that missions are not needed in a land 
nominally Christian! Drawing their conception of 
Roman Catholicism from the form of it with which 
they are made familiar in our own land, they saw less 
need of giving South America the pure gospel than of 
sending it to Africa. But the facts are that the Report 
of Commission II, Panama Congress, is right when it 
says: 

"In general, the Roman Church regards itself as 
adequately occupying or preempting the entire Latin- 
American world. . . . This attitude, unfortunately, 
does not fully represent the real situation. Abundant 
evidence establishes the fact that the vast statistical 
membership of the census report is largely nominal 
and superficial. But that there are immense and grow- 
ing defections from the Roman Church, not only in 
inward conviction and sympathy but in outward 
allegiance and conformity, is patent beyond contra- 
diction in every Latin-American land. Multitudes 
having become alienated from the Roman Church are 
contemptuous or antagonistic toward all religion; still 
vaster multitudes have drifted into utter indifference 
regarding the teachings of Roman Catholicism, while 
yielding prudential compliance with its forms and cus- 
toms. Scientific candor based on indisputable testi- 
mony from both Roman Catholic and Protestant 
sources compels the statement that in the Roman 
Church, Latin America has inherited an institution 
which, though still influential, is rapidly declining in 
power. With notable exceptions its priesthood is dis- 



120 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

credited by the thinking classes. Its moral life is 
weak and its spiritual witness faint. At the present 
time it is giving the people neither the Bible, nor the 
gospel, nor the intellectual guidance, nor the moral 
dynamic, nor the social uplift which they need. It is 
weighted with medievalism and other non-Christian 
accretions. Its emphasis is on dogma and ritual, while 
it is silent on the severe ethical demands of Christian 
character. It must bear the responsibility of what 
Lord Bryce calls Latin America's grave misfortune, — 
'absence of a religious foundation for thought and 
conduct/ " And another writer well says of South 
America: "After three centuries of nominal Christi- 
anity any conversion of its people which will involve 
the practise of the elementary teaching of Christianity 
lies still in the seemingly distant future." * 

Missions are needed in South America because 
righteousness is needed there. The kingdom of God is 
declared by Paul to be "righteousness and peace and 
joy in the Holy Ghost." If "the practise of the ele- 
mentary teaching of Christianity" is to become the rule 
in that southern land with its immeasurable future, 
evangelical interpreters of that teaching must send 
missionaries there and sustain them until a native 
Church is planted which will take over and underwrite 
the program of Christ for their people. 

The burdened hearts among missionary statesmen 
of the Kingdom in South America are oppressed by 



1 Robinson, History of Christian Missions, 409. 



RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS 121 

the painful and pitiful lack of the means to train and 
develop that type of intelligent lay and ministerial 
leadership which has been the salvation of Protestant- 
ism in Europe and America, and without which there 
can be little hope of a conquering Church. 

Missionary success is not now the problem that 
burdens the hearts of South American leaders. Of 
success they are assured, however. They are con- 
fident in God that this gracious and fundamental work 
will go steadily on in proportion to the staff and equip- 
ment available for pushing evangelistic victories. 



VI 
EDUCATING A CONTINENT 

National Illiteracy 

The exact illiteracy of South America cannot be 
given for the same reasons which make it difficult to 
present statistics of population. It is substantially- 
accurate, however, to say that of the inhabitants of the 
continent as a whole, from forty to eighty-five per cent. 
of those over six years old can neither read nor write. 
By countries, the most accurate report that can be 
made puts Uruguay at the top of the list with 40 per 
cent. Argentina stands next to Uruguay with 50.5 per 
cent, of illiterates ; Chile 63 per cent. ; Brazil 70 per 
cent. ; while the most dependable estimates put Colom- 
bia and Venezuela at 80 per cent., and Peru at over 
85 per cent. 

In Colombia about one person in twenty-two is 
attending public school. Ecuador has one in sixteen 
enrolled. The 300,000 Indians, forming about one 
half of the population of Ecuador, are getting practi- 
cally no education at all. While masters are obliged 
by law to provide a school if ten or more families are 
employed on an estate, yet the law is evaded. In Peru, 
with a large Indian population, only about eighteen 
per cent, of the children of school age are in school. 

123 



i 



124 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Dr. Robert E. Speer put a most striking comparative 
statement into his South American Problems 1 when he 
stated that, while Argentina and New York state 
have nearly the same population, New York has 40,000 
school-teachers to Argentina's 15,000, and 1,400,000 
pupils in school to only 550,000 in the southern re- 
public; and, again, that although Venezuela and Iowa 
have substantially the same population, the state of 
Iowa had 30,000 teachers and 562,000 pupils as 
against 1,700 teachers and 36,000 pupils in Venezuela. 
When the illiteracy of the two areas is held in mind 
the figures given take on a deeper meaning. 

Standing by itself this total of untaught citizens 
might not be so depressing. But ignorance draws 
many other evils in its train. It imperils popular 
self-government. Democracy depends upon generally 
diffused education. A broad base of knowledge is 
demanded if governments "of the people" such as have 
been established in that continent are to survive. Agri- 
cultural progress cannot be made, mines cannot be 
worked, systems of transportation cannot be built nor 
efficiently maintained, and the higher moral and 
spiritual motives lie dormant or die. Personal hygiene 
and the sanitation of whole states and cities are im- 
possible achievements among illiterates. 

Flies multiply and swarm unchecked in whole states. 
No screens are provided for doors or windows. In 
the public markets of the cities, meats are cut and laid 



1 Issued in 1912. 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 125 

on boards which have had no adequate cleaning for 
months and even years, and are wholly unprotected 
from dust, flies, and ants. 

Open sewers are common. Water which has flowed 
through heavily manured truck gardens often has 
access to the channels or pipes carrying the potable 
water to whole cities. Typhoid fever is epidemic in 
Lima, Peru, without intermission year in and year 
out. Smallpox patients walk the streets freely in city 
after city. The ravages of pneumonia and tuberculosis 
move one to pity for the sufferers and their friends. 
Alcoholism is decimating the Indian populations. It is 
eating out the very life of the otherwise sturdy Chilean. 
Unventilated hovels where peons and laborers herd in 
wet and chilly weather take terrible toll of life and 
health. Infant mortality is alarmingly high, holding 
the populations of whole states almost stationary. 
Chile has the large birth record of 38.4 per 1,000 per- 
sons, — placing that nation fifth in the world in increase 
by births, — but death made such havoc among these 
infants in 1910 that the net increase of births over 
deaths was only 5.9 per cent. Lima, Peru, in a climate 
of marked excellence because of the proximity to the 
wide Pacific, and the cooling influence of the Humbolt 
Current, had a death-rate of 45.12 per 1,000 of its 
inhabitants recently. New York, with all its climatic 
severities, and with its crowded slum and tenement- 
house districts, averages 14 per 1,000. 

Evangelism alone will not solve the problem, which 
rises like a specter when such conditions are faced. 



126 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

If we are to have Christian homes, communities, and 
v j states in South America, the school must stand by the 
\ church, and the teacher be a team-mate of the preacher. 
Every fair-minded student of education in the 
southern half of the western world cheerfully acknowl- 
edges all that was valuable in the school work done by 
leaders of the Roman Church. Previous to the estab- 
lishment of the republican form of government in 
the first half of the nineteenth century (except in 
Brazil), the Church controlled all education. For the 
masses it provided for education in religious, cere- 
monial, and catechetical instruction, with industrial 
training for very limited regions and groups. They 
set up eight universities and innumerable primary and 
secondary schools. Many of the teachers in these 
institutions were skilled instructors in the subjects they 
attempted to teach. The fault was not with their 
motive, but with their aim, their curricula, and their 
method. The medicine taught was the medicine of the 
medieval schoolmen. 

Mathematics and the classics were thoroughly 
taught, for at no point do pure mathematics or Latin 
collide with Church doctrines. Rhetoric was taught 
according to Castilian models. Astronomy was a sub- 
ject to which much attention was given, for here, also, 
little peril was seen. The astrological and the astro- 
nomical were not always separated in the minds of 
those who taught, and results were not the best. But 
theology overshadowed all other faculties and domi- 
nated the university. 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 127 

Heavy demands were made upon all classes of 
students in the way of doctrine. Under this head were 
grouped teachings as to the place and power of the 
papacy; what constituted a true priest, and what were'V 
his powers as the vicegerent of God and the pope; 
the sacraments and their alleged magical power to 
first give and then maintain true spiritual life in all 
who received them at the hands of a true priest; and 
the almost endless "thaumaturgy" of the Roman 
Church, — its alleged miracles wrought by the Virgin, 
images, and saints, and even by their dead bones. 

At the present time the Church believes in little if 
any more for the masses. Literary education will be 
of no advantage to them, it believes, and may be of 
great disadvantage, — as witness "the intellectuals/' 1 
Hence on the part of the most powerful social insti- 
tution there is indifference at best and often active 
hostility to public elementary education. This situation 
is rendered more acute by the fact that the Church still 
remains powerful in the operation of the public school 
system, controlling it in countries like Colombia and 
Ecuador. 

Public Schools 

Free popular education was not begun in South 
America until 1869. What were the reasons for this 
long delay? Why have the schools established by 



^hose whom the Roman Church declares have been led into 
unbelief through modern scientific studies. 



128 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

the states made such slow gains on the illiteracy which 
prevails ? 

l 1 The fundamental ideals of social and political 
organization among the Latins in Europe were frankly 
antidemocratic. Only the favored classes were to be 
given educational opportunities. The effort was rather 
to teach the masses "to keep their place." The rootage 
of South America is in the soil of Latin Europe. 
Spanish and Portuguese rulers brought their old-world 
ideas to America, and could have brought nothing else. 
Their past held no story of a Magna Charta. No 
Cromwell or Pym or Hampden had bequeathed to 
them ideals of civil and religious liberty. 

2. The open Bible, and the right of private judg- 
ment as to its teachings, had given "understanding 
unto the simple" in Germany and Great Britain; but 
the Bible was a forbidden book to the Latins, and the 
blight of that prohibition is the deepest reason why 
less than fifty years have passed since free popular 
education made its modest beginning in South 
America. 

3. The Roman Catholic Church has opposed educa- 
tion by the state at every step. The Statutes of 
Colombia now in force show its attitude in all the 
republics. Articles 12-14 °i the Concordat 1 puts all 
education in that country under the absolute control 
of the Catholic Church. Partial quotations will illus- 
trate the point: 



1 Agreement between the papal see and a secular power. 



Copyright by Keystone View Co, 





CHILDREN OF ILLUSTRIOUS FAMILIES, 

RIO DE JANEIRO 

PUBLIC SCHOOL IN A NEW SECTION, ARGENTINA 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 129 

"In universities, colleges, schools, and other centers 
of instruction, public education and instruction shall 
be organized and directed in conformity with the 
dogmas and morals of the Catholic religion. Religious 
instruction is obligatory in these centers, and the pious 
practises of the Catholic religion shall be observed in 
them. . . . The government shall impede the propa- 
gation of ideas contrary to Catholic dogma and to the 
respect and veneration due to the Church in the in- 
struction given in literary and scientific, as well as in 
all other branches of education. In case that the 
instruction in religion and morals, in spite of the orders 
and preventions of the government, shall not be con- 
formed to Catholic doctrines, the diocesan authorities 
can deprive the professors and teachers of their right 
to give instruction in these matters." 

Holding such views of the authority of the Church 
to override the state in every point where the two 
came into conflict, it was inevitable that the battle for 
the establishment and promotion of free public schools 
throughout South America should be contested inch 
by inch by the established Church. 

4. Another powerful hindrance to the earlier begin- 
ning of this work was the scattered condition of the 
settlers and those pioneer conditions which colonizing 
populations always face in opening up the resources of 
new countries. In the purely agricultural portions of 
Argentina, Brazil, or almost any of the other nations, 
one hundred square miles of improved land will often 
fail to show a sufficient number of children of school 



130 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

age to warrant the necessary buildings and teaching 
force. Roads which can be depended upon in all 
seasons simply do not exist. Poverty among frontier 
settlers frequently demands the services of all the 
children of the families as herders of sheep and cattle 
on the limitless and fenceless prairies or pampas, and 
even a compulsory school law can be evaded where 
police are inefficient and the center of authority is 
far away. 

5. Here again we meet our old enemy, the system of 
land ownership, with immense holdings of fertile land 
paying little or no taxes which can be applied to the 
building of schools, the purchase of equipment, paying 
of teachers' salaries, and maintaining decent roads to 
make attendance possible. The same system compels 
the population to live at such great distances from each 
other that any government would find it difficult to 
provide educational opportunities under conditions of 
this character. No matter how devoted and states- 
manlike the educational leaders of Brazil or Venezuela 
or Chile may be, for years to come there will be wide 
spaces of their country where free public education 
can only exist in the form of legislative provision or 
executive decree. 

In Argentina President Sarmiento gave public 
education the impetus needed to make it a real power 
in the national life, and to communicate itself to 
nations where no beginning had been made. Sarmiento 
was a man of the people. Born in the extreme western 
part of Argentina, and growing up in conditions un- 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 13 r 

favorable to intellectual growth, he showed a passion 
for learning like that of President Lincoln. Books 
were more to this rugged lad of the pampas than food. 
The nation felt the power of the man, and he was 
given both military and civil prominence. While am- 
bassador to the United States, he studied their school 
system, made the acquaintance of Horace Mann and 
other eminent educators, and applied his whole mind 
to the task of adapting the educational plans of this 
nation and those of France, with which he was more 
familiar, to the needs of the Latin minds of his own 
country. While in Washington he was elected to the 
presidency of Argentina, and one of his first acts was 
to appoint the Rev. William Goodfellow, a missionary 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church returning to the 
United States, to select and send to the Argentine 
suitable teachers for kindergarten and normal work in 
inaugurating a nationwide program of tax-supported 
public education. So recently has all this happened 
that one or two of the earlier appointees are still 
living. The grateful government pensions them liber- 
ally, and they are held in the highest esteem. At a 
recent public gathering in Buenos Aires one of the 
pioneer kindergarteners who went from North America 
and helped introduce that system in Argentina, took 
an inconspicuous seat in the great audience. Her 
presence was brought to the attention of the presiding 
officer, and she was led to the platform and presented 
amid rounds of applause. 

President Sarmiento put all his energy into the 



132 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

establishment of the school system. It was a titanic 
undertaking. Everything was to be done. Buildings 
had to be erected, apparatus to be secured, teachers to 
be found or trained. Expenses ate up revenue at such 
a rate that "the Schoolmaster President" was accused 
of reckless waste of public funds. But he held to his 
course as stubbornly as did Columbus in the face of 
threatened mutiny. His oft-repeated maxim in those 
momentous days was, "Build schools and you will end 
revolutions." That struck the opposition a telling blow. 
All of them knew that revolutions took terrible toll 
of a monetary sort, besides killing and maiming the 
flower of the country's manhood. All knew that the 
tap-root of these revolutions wentxleep down into the 
soil of ignorance and fanaticism. The plan succeeded. 
It caught the popular imagination. It stands a living 
monument to the foresight and courage of a President 
who had suffered the pinch of intellectual hunger, 
and seen the appalling waste of national illiteracy, and 
who lived only to serve his generation. 

Uruguay, Brazil, and Chile took similar action. To- 
day there is not one republic of that continent which 
does not have a more or less complete public school 
system. Manifold obstacles confronted the new pro- 
gram. The Church, which had taxed its great energies 
to prevent the plans, set all its powerful machinery at 
work to hinder their success. Wealthy and aristo- 
cratic members of society set up the cry that it would 
spoil "the masses" for "their place" in the provi- 
dential scheme of things if they were to receive an 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 133 

education. Lack of trained teachers embarrassed the 
venture in city after city. Those who offered for the 
work had no proper conception of the stern demands 
of educational training, and were too often unwilling 
to spend the time to master the teacher's profession. 
Even where schools were theoretically provided, 
teachers were unprepared or mercenary; and those 
who were qualified and whose hearts were in their 
work could too often say of incompetent or grafting 
officials : 

"Ye forced us to glean in the highways the straw for the bricks 

we brought; 
Ye forced us to follow in byways the craft that ye never 
taught." 

And educational administrators, sick at heart over 
reports of slipshod work done by those who drew 
salaries as teachers, and apparently did little else, could 
say: 

"From forge and farm and mine and bench, 

Deck, altar, outpost lone, 
Mill, school, battalion, counter, trench, 

Rail, senate, sheepfold, throne, 
Creation's cry goes up on high 

From age to cheated age: 
'Send us the men who do the work 

For which they draw the wage/ " 

In 1869 Argentina's percentage of illiteracy was 
over seventy. It has been reduced to 50.5 per cent., 
or well toward one half wiped out in the first half 
century. Every part of the nation feels the surge and 



134 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

lift of this school enterprise. Clerks are more efficient 
in the stores. Farms are better tilled, houses are kept 
more neatly, commerce runs on swifter foot, sanita- 
tion becomes increasingly efficient, and revolutions dis- 
appear, and the will of the majority is accepted with 
increasing readiness. 

Types of Schools 

The main features of all these national school sys- 
tems are the same. French and North American 
influence is seen throughout, French predominating. 
There are universities, secondary schools, elementary 
work, in both primary and kindergarten forms as in 
North America; and technical and special schools, — 
normal, commercial, agricultural and industrial — are 
all to be found in varying degrees of efficiency. 

The word university conveys a different meaning to 
the Latin educator than to ourselves. Differences be- 
tween our university ideals and theirs are radical. 
They differ historically. 

Eight universities in South America were founded 
by the Roman Church: Lima, 1551; Bogota, 1572; 
Cordoba, 161 3; Sucre, 1623; Cuzco, 1692; Caracas, 
1 721; Santiago de Chile, 1738; Quito, 1787. When 
the Ten Years' War was over, nearly all of these were 
immediately taken over by the new republics, and now 
only one such university functions as all of them did 
in the beginning — directly under the control of the 
Church. All of the others have been "secularized/' 




J'- ne View Co. 

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AXD CONGRESS. CARACAS 
PALACE OF FIXE ARTS, RIO DE JANEIRO 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 135 

These institutions have no physical unity. There 
is no campus, no central group of buildings. The 
medical building is often near some large hospital plant, 
the law school near the court buildings, and engineer- 
ing and agricultural schools in some other part of the 
city, or in a city entirely separate from the one in 
which the university is located. Therefore there can be 
no group life among the students, none of what is 
known among us as "school spirit" with its cultural 
and inspirational values enriching all of later life with 
the ripening fellowships of student days. 

Here and there dormitories for the student body — 
for men only — are being fostered or erected by the 
university authorities to cure some of the defects which 
are making themselves felt in this lack of physical 
unity and the absence of a common student life. 

No "faculty" exists giving all of its time to the 
university. If a few of the teaching force do give 
their entire time, it is quite exceptional. Lawyers 
come in two or three hours a week, teachers in private 
schools take a few hours a week in their special branch, 
a busy doctor gives a part of his crowded days to 
the class in anatomy or physiology, and the same 
method of recruiting the teaching force prevails in the 
majority of the work undertaken. 

There is usually no enrolment of all the students in 
one place. There is no "chapel" or other common 
meeting-place, and no record of class attendance or 
class standings. Of discipline there is not even a 
semblance. In only a few of the more progressive of 



136 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

these institutions could the faculty or any member of 
it find where a particular student lived. The lecture 
method is universal. Final examinations tell the only 
story asked by the authorities as to the quality of the 
work done. If a student can "pass," that is all that is 
required by either himself or the professor. 

The law department combines law and under- 
graduate college w r ork, as these are taught in France, 
to such an extent that it bewilders North American 
students. Six years is the shortest course in law, and 
in one or two republics it covers eight years. But the 
course includes political science, social science, psy- 
chology, international law, history — a full course — and 
other subjects not supposed to belong in a course of 
special training for the practise of the legal profession 
in Canada or the United States. 

Direct state control is another marked and significant 
departure from university life and management as 
understood in our own institutions. "All officers from 
the professors to the janitor receive their appoint- 
ments directly from the state. . . . Party affiliations 
may enter into the selection and at times may even 
dominate the situation." Much of the inefficiency 
which their own educators are first to deplore is due 
to the degree to which "party affiliations" do "domi- 
nate" the selection of professors unfitted for their high 
tasks. This direct state control explains why it is 
that student agitation for or against particular govern- 
mental measures of legislation or administration are 
aimed at the responsible government of the hour. It 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 137 

is the best place for students to land their blows against 
abuses and in the interest of larger freedom. 

The South American university differs from its 
North American sister institution in being the only 
gateway to the professions. No one can "climb up 
some other way" into the professions of that continent. 
The universities not only teach the subjects to be 
mastered by aspirants for professional careers, but are 
commissioned by their governments to administer as a 
licensing body for the legal, medical, dental, or other 
professions. Foreigners coming into any of the states 
with full professional standing in their own countries 
must pass all the tests of the particular state university 
and in the Spanish or Portuguese languages before 
they can practise there. 

The liceos and colegios, or secondary schools, do the 
vast bulk of the educational work of the continent. 
Being the sole means of entrance to the universities, 
and the universities the only gateway to the profes- 
sions, these two types of schools offer to the ruling 
classes advantages which they are willing and even 
eager to support both by taxation and patronage. 

The teaching staff is of the same order as that of 
the universities. Little interest is likely to be taken 
in the welfare of individual pupils when instructors 
are paid for but a few hours of teaching each week, 
and their only touch with the students is during their 
lecture hour. Where trained teachers form a per- 
manent staff the results are so much more gratifying, 
that Argentina and Chile are adding a faculty of 



138 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

educational science in their universities, as well as 
emphasizing afresh the normal school. The course 
covers six years and includes such college subjects as 
psychology, logic, the modern languages, and economics 
and sociology, while omitting too often the natural 
sciences, or teaching them with little or no attempt at 
laboratory work or field observation. Because the 
ruling classes are lukewarm or hostile to the education 
of the "masses," the elementary schools are the weakest 
part of the system. Direct state control robs provinces 
and municipalities of initiative and a feeling of local 
responsibility. In theory attendance is usually com- 
pulsory between the ages of six and thirteen or four- 
teen. In practise enforcement would be impossible 
for lack of school-room and shortage of teachers. 

Memoriter methods are relied upon here as else- 
where in the system, and the only result which could 
be expected follows: children fail to grasp such a 
multitude of subjects as are included in the curricula, 
the most of which are mechanically taught, and they 
come up to the secondary schools, believing what they 
are told. The child must not think for himself. He 
must commit and recite, and is unable to think 
clearly or to observe accurately. Dr. Ernesto Nelson 
of the Department of Education of Argentina speaks 
of the wrong perpetrated upon child life, by such a 
faulty method of instruction, as follows: 

"The child is not sufficiently considered in family 
or school. His individuality is given no chance to 
develop. He is told how to behave and what to believe, 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 139 

until he feels himself to be a puppet. Since all the 
consideration and privileges are reserved for adults, 
he is eager to be grown up as soon as possible. The 
keeping under of the child, the neglect to study him 
and understand him, to consider what he wants instead 
of what we want, causes him to grow into a man who 
will bully or cringe according as he is on top or under- 
neath. Hence the 'good citizen' of a democracy is 
not yet being produced by our education. Only free 
personalities developing together will ripen into citizens 
who will neither abuse power nor consent to be abused 
by it, who will respect the rights of others because 
they value their own." 

Normal, commercial, agricultural, and industrial 
schools do not differ so sharply from similar institu- 
tions among us as to call for much comment. Agri- 
cultural institutions face difficulties growing out of the 
contempt for manual labor which has been noted 
elsewhere. 

Higher industrial schools in Santiago, Buenos 
Aires, and in various centers in Brazil are splendidly 
equipped with the latest machinery and appliances of 
every kind, and are beginning to register results of a 
most encouraging sort in national workmen who 
cherish a fine pride in accuracy and despatch, and 
reveal a constructive touch upon manufacturing and 
trade conditions. 

Commercial education receives a degree of attention 
in free public schools not accorded the same subject 
in North America. This is in part due to the strong 



140 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

desire to divert students from legal and other pro- 
fessional courses and overcome the prejudice against 
industry and trade, in order to get the young men of 
the several nations into line for the immense com- 
mercial and industrial development which all South 
Americans believe to lie just ahead. 

On the whole the weakness of the educational work 
of the continent could not be better expressed than 
in the words of Professor Villagran of the University 
of San Marcos (St. Mark) in Peru: 

"We still maintain the same ornamental and literary 
education which the Spaniards implanted in South 
America for political reasons, instead of an intellectual 
training capable of advancing material well-being; 
which gives brilliancy to cultivated minds, but does 
not produce practical intelligence; which can amuse 
the rich, but does not teach the poor how to work. 
We are a people possessed of the same mania for 
speaking and writing that characterizes old and 
decadent nations. We look with horror upon active 
professions which demand energy and the spirit of 
strife. Few of us are willing to endure the hardships 
of mining or to incur the risks of manufacture and 
trade. Instead, we like tranquillity and security, the 
semirepose of public office, and the literary professions 
to which the public opinion of our society urges us. 
Fathers of families like to see their sons advocates, 
doctors, office-holders, literati, and professors. Peru 
is much like China — the promised land of functionaries 
and literati. ,, 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 141 

Educational Missions 

The Lancasterian schools established by the Rev. 
James Thompson were the first evangelical institutions 
to find a place in the life of South America. Many- 
statesmen of later years received their liberal and 
democratic views in these schools. 

In the late sixties the Methodists started a small 
school for boys in Montevideo, in Uruguay. One 
proof of the energies released by such schools is seen 
in such graduates as Professor Monteverde, of the uni- 
versity faculty in Uruguay, a former student in that 
institution, who was chosen as President of the Inter- 
denominational Congress of Christian Work in Latin 
America because of the happy union of educational 
fitness and spiritual strength which he possesses. 
Eschola Americana was established in Sao Paulo, 
Brazil, in 1870; Instituto Internacional in Chile in 
1873; and Mackenzie College in 1890. The Rev. 
William Taylor went down the west coast in 1878 
and again in 1882 establishing self-supporting schools 
for the teaching of English. Several schools begun 
in those years have become institutions of real power 
in service rendered to the native populations in the 
Spanish language, — notably those at Callao, Iquique, 
Santiago, and Concepcion. The Presbyterians were 
in advance of Mr. Taylor in Chile, and have done 
steady and efficient work in the Instituto Ingles in 
Santiago without a break during more than forty 
years. 



142 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Evangelical schools undertake all forms of educa- 
tion except that of . the university. Kindergarten 
schools were first planted by this agency in Brazil by 
Miss Phoebe Thomas in 1882 in Sao Paulo. The 
government of that nation employed an experienced 
kindergarten teacher who had served her apprentice- 
ship with Miss Thomas to introduce that kind of 
work in the state normal school. "It is worthy of 
note that the conversion to Protestantism of a large 
family of the highest rank socially, a family ever 
since closely identified with the evangelical movement, 
is due directly to Miss Thomas' kindergarten, where 
access to the mother came through her children's 
attendance on the school." 

The Rev. William C. Morris carries on a system of 
evangelical schools in Buenos Aires which are the 
outstanding institutions of the evangelical forces in 
Argentina. They are now known as "The Argentine 
Philanthropical Schools." There are seventeen de- 
partments, 5, 600 students, and they receive from the 
Argentine national treasury a subsidy of about $40,000 
annually and own buildings worth nearly $300,000. 
Popular subscriptions bridge the wide gulf between 
the subsidy and the annual outlay for rentals and 
clothing and books and staff. Mr. Morris has well 
been called "the Dr. Bernardo of Buenos Aires." In 
central Brazil a type of elementary school has reached 
a total of thousands of young people, under the leader- 
ship of the Rev. William Waddell. It is a kind of 
Protestant parochial school supported almost wholly 




MACKENZIE COLLEGE 
Group of Girl Students 
Members of the Faculty, 1913 
Two Buildings 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 143 

by the local constituency. One Presbytery reports 
more than forty of these schools. Mr. Waddell writes : 

"Their courses are in the vernacular and are very 
much like those of the primary grades in the United 
States. They offer the irreducible minimum of instruc- 
tion necessary to every citizen and church-member. 
The support is always local. The expense of super- 
intendence, and in great part, that of teacher training, 
falls on the Mission. One dollar spent thus can be 
made to call out from five to ten from local sources. 
Of course the schools must be housed, equipped, and 
manned on a scale of expense in keeping with the local 
resources. The foreign standard must be abandoned 
entirely. ,, In more than forty municipalities these 
schools have been adopted as the public institutions 
of the towns and are supported by public funds. In 
such cases no religious instruction is attempted in 
school hours. Instead of limiting the influence of the 
evangelical workers it has appeared to widen and 
enrich that influence. 

The "Escuela Popular 5 ' of Valparaiso, begun by Dr. 
Trumbull in 1870, has grown to be an influential 
school. It has a fine new building, with room for the 
Principal and twenty girl boarders on the second floor, 
and schoolrooms below. Eight years are covered by 
the course. The enrolment reaches 300. Daily Bible 
instruction is given. Six branch day-schools are in 
operation in the same city, with 325 in attendance, 
and with a Sunday-school conducted in each of the 
branches. 



144 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

The "Escuela Agricola" of the Southern Presby- 
terians in Lavras, Brazil, is so unique as to demand a 
word or two of particular notice. It attempts more 
successfully than any other institution which has es- 
sayed a similar program to tie up the evangelical school 
to the national Church-membership, by offering a 
combined literary and industrial course in which work 
on the school farm meets the expenses of education 
for those who could not otherwise afford to attend. 

Higher education under evangelical auspices has its 
best exponent in Mackenzie College, in Sao Paulo, 
Brazil, under the leadership of the late Dr. Horace M. 
Lane. The college operates under a charter from the 
state of New York, and is interdenominational. Nine 
North Americans, eight native Brazilians, four Eng- 
lish, two Swiss and Swedes, Italian and Portuguese 
to the number of twenty-nine, of whom two are women, 
make up its faculty. Technological instruction out- 
runs art courses. Of the 366 students only 27 are 
women. A total of 68 are in graduate engineering 
courses, 46 in commercial courses, and 252 are doing 
what would be rated by North Americans as high 
school work. On a campus a mile distant is the 
affiliated school known as Eschola Americana, with 
506 enrolled, and with 30 in the faculty. This is a 
day-school of primary and grammar grade. In the 
two institutions there were 201 boarders last year. 
The college is in high favor with the Brazilian govern- 
ment. It is furnishing technically trained youth to 
the schools and the mines and the commercial life of 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 145 

the republic, and from its halls are coming many of 
the young ministers needed to give to Brazil the gospel. 

Dr. Lane's funeral was the largest ever known in 
Sao Paulo. The Law School, the Polytechnic School, 
the Normal School, and other public and private 
schools of that state capital were closed out of respect 
to this Christian educator. In the state legislature 
resolutions of sorrow were adopted and speeches of 
eulogy pronounced by leading members. In the lower 
house the President of the Committee on Public 
Instruction spoke in part as follows : 

"Mr. President, it is with the most profound sorrow 
that I call the attention of the Camara to the death of 
the educator, Horace M. Lane, which occurred yester- 
day, — a person noted among us for his entire life of 
good service to education among us, a name beloved 
among us as a prototype of virtues, of intelligent 
activity, and of fortunate initiative. A great Brazilian 
by the right which belongs to him who cooperates in 
the patriotic work of our development; he rendered 
remarkable service. Born in a distant land but living 
about forty years among us, it is fitting that we should 
join in the mourning which surrounds his name, ren- 
dering homage to the tireless worker for our advance- 
ment, to the modest promoter of the education of the 
people of Sao Paulo, to the happy originator of the 
patriotic work of teaching so highly esteemed among 
us." 

Besides those institutions which seem to claim special 
mention, the leading mission boards carry on schools 



146 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

of such a number and variety, and with such a gratify- 
ing multitude of pupils and teachers that a description 
of each institution and its work would demand a 
volume rather than a small portion of one chapter. 

The weakness of the effort thus far has been chiefly 
from lack of adequate support, whether that was 
expressed in terms of buildings, equipment, or staff, 
showing itself as follows: entire absence of endow- 
ment in nearly every school; lack of permanence in 
the teaching force, a weakness so fundamental as to 
cripple and almost kill the school in which it prevails ; 
the appointment of members of the faculties who are 
in no way trained for the schoolroom ; lack of coopera- 
tion among missions ; failure to make the schools serve 
a poor constituency. 

Results of Evangelical Schools 

The purpose of the evangelical schools is not to com- 
pete with the institutions fostered by the governments, 
but to supplement them. Our object is the spiritual 
and moral welfare of the pupils, and through them of 
the homes and the national life in its entirety. With 
illiteracy between fifty and eighty per cent., and with 
less than half the buildings and a mere tithe of the 
trained teachers necessary to furnish staffs for the 
government schools, competition need not be thought 
of in the plans made. 

Conversions have not been as numerous in these 
schools as those who began them hoped to see. 



EDUCATING A CONTINENT 147 

Prejudice, lack of fundamental conceptions as to sin 
and righteousness, veracity, purity, and honor always 
follow the exclusion of the Word of God from a 
people. Wearing down prejudice, disarming hostility 
to the Scriptures and to those who teach it in its purity, 
and the conversion of an encouraging number who 
have come to real leadership in the things of the spirit 
have been some of the rewards which have gladdened 
the hearts of workers in what must be acknowledged 
to be a hard field. 

An eminent and successful Christian teacher of many 
years' experience in these schools writes : 

"It must be remembered that in most cases, in new 
countries where the leaven of Christianity in its purest 
and freest vigor has not been in operation, what is 
called conversion, in any sense, is, and must necessarily 
be a process slow, deep, and often during a long period 
almost indiscernible. An atmosphere within and with- 
out the life must be formed, distinct from the pre- 
dominant environment, and soul atmosphere is not 
usually of rapid formation. Cramming and crowding 
and urging do harm.*" 

Another states what all who have traveled widely 
over the continent know to be true from scores of 
refreshing experiences : 

"There are many students in Latin America who 
have learned of Christ in our mission schools and who 
are to-day leading lives that are irreproachable in their 
purity and high endeavor, but who are not members 
of any evangelical Church, nor do they consider them- 



148 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

selves as affiliated with the Roman Catholic com- 
munion. More than once students have written back 
to the principal or teachers stating that they are the 
only believers in the whole town or district, and that 
they were reading the Bible or studying the Sunday- 
school lessons absolutely alone." 

Teachers have had much satisfaction in the reflec- 
tion that if their pupils never climb to the experiences 
for which they have so ardently prayed and labored, 
their level of moral life will average much higher 
than if they had never come to the Protestant school. 
It is not a small thing to lift the whole level of a life. 
Each pupil becomes a lifelong friend of evangelical 
truth, and a nucleus of effort for a better day wherever 
their lot is cast, and perhaps it will be the children 
and the children's children who will take the part in 
Christ's work which it was hoped the pupil himself 
would assume. 

The Christian educator must not overemphasize 
"the seed basket theory." Immediate conversions are 
possible and cases could be cited by the page. But it 
is best not to narrow unduly the range of expectation. 
It is wisest to plan by decades and think in generations 
in so immense a campaign as that upon which we are 
launched. Our best leaders to-day are the product of 
our own evangelical schools. Thus it will be in the 
to-morrow of the work and much more so if all the 
workers are faithful. 



VII 



THE EVANGELICAL MESSAGE AND 
METHOD 

Man's need for God and the universal provisions of 
the gospel to meet that need are assumed. Man was 
made for God. Whether in North America, South 
America, in Africa, or in the islands of the sea "man 
is incurably religious," and the glorious gospel of 
Christ is "the power of God unto salvation to every 
one that believeth." 

Message 

But peculiar conditions in the southern continent 
call for emphasis on at least four features of that 
message. 

The Reality of Sin 

I. Racial inheritance and religious history unite in 
making large demands for emphasis upon the heinous- 
ness of sin in the sight of God. Going back to the 
sources of the large Indian contribution to the life of 
the South Americans of to-day, we find cults ranging 
from the crude animism of the barbarous Amazonian 
and La Plata tribes to the polytheistic faiths found 
among the Incas of Peru, the Chibchas of Colombia, 

149 



150 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

the Caras of Ecuador, and the fighting Araucanians of 
Chile. But among none of the cults was there a clear 
definition of sin. As that word is defined in the Bible 
and understood among evangelical Christians, there is 
nothing in that part of the religious inheritance which 
has come to the South American people from Indian 
sources which gives them the sense of guilt and shame, 
because of the nature of sin, as being inherently vile 
and hateful in the sight of God. 

In the religious history of the European racial ele- 
ments entering into the social total, the essential sin- 
fulness of sin has been slurred over, if not obscured. 
This has been due to four main causes: (i) The 
Roman Church claims the right to define what is truly 
sinful, and teaches that sins may be divided into two 
classes, venial and mortal. The former "weakens while 
it does not entirely destroy, divine grace," according to 
Roman theology. The latter only is sin, as this stern 
word denotes in Scriptural usage. (2) The confes- 
sional, with its easily uttered forgiveness of sin by a 
man like themselves, inevitably lessens the loathing of 
sin in those for whom it is repeated year after year. 
(3) The granting of indulgences has dulled the sense 
of sin wherever the custom is taught and practised. 
But, does the Roman Church teach that indulgences 
may be secured, and promise their possessors certain 
blessing? In the Catechism of Christian Doctrine 
are these questions and answers i 1 



Tages 170, 171. 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 151 

Question. What is an indulgence? 

Answer. The pardon of the temporal punishment 
due on account of sins already pardoned, granted by 
the Church aside from the Sacrament of Penance, by 
application of the merits of Jesus Christ, of the most 
Holy Virgin and of the Saints. 

Question. Has the Church power to grant in- 
dulgences ? 

Answer. It is of faith that it has. 

Question. Who are able to grant indulgences in the 
Church ? 

Answer. The Pope in all the Church, the Bishops 
in their dioceses. 

Question. What is a plenary indulgence? 

Answer. One which pardons all the temporal 
penalty. 

Question. Will the one who secures a plenary in- 
dulgence go to Purgatory ? 

Answer. He goes directly to heaven without going 
to Purgatory. 

In Browning's The Ring and the Book, we hear 
Count Guido Franceschini, the wife slayer, say as he 
pleaded for pardon : 

"It must be, 
Frown law its fiercest, there's a wink somewhere." 

The fact that this titled criminal had long served 
as private secretary to "Rome's most productive plant 
— a Cardinal," gives edge to the statement. It came 
from a mind fixed in the conception that sin is not 



152 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

serious; that there is always a way out, "a wink 
somewhere." (4) The doctrine of the "double sense." 
This is nothing less than teaching that deceit is justi- 
fiable under certain circumstances. Incredible as it 
may seem, the religious history of the Roman Church 
has this black mark upon it. Cardinal S. Alfonso 
Maria de Liguori, in his book entitled Moral Theology, 
teaches this perversion of Scriptural truth. He died in 
1787. In 1803 the Sacred Congregation of Rites 
declared that "in all the writings of Alfonso de Liguori, 
edited and unedited, there was not a word that could 
be justly found fault with." Pope Pius VII ratified 
the Decree and made Liguori a saint less than thirty 
years after his death. In his book, chapter IV, page 
160, we read: "If a guest is asked if his dinner is 
good when really it is bad, he may answer that it is 
good, namely (in an aside) for mortification." Again 
in chapter IV, page 172: "If a man makes a false 
promise and swears to it, what sin does he commit, 
and to what is he bound? ... A man may make a 
false promise with an oath in three ways: 1. Not 
intending to swear. 2. Not intending to bind himself. 
3. Not intending to fulfil the promise." 

Additional items are not necessary to prove this 
point. 

2. The Living Christ, the only Savior and Mediator 
between God and man. This message is needed in 
South America because Christ is usually presented as 
dead and nailed to the cross. That he lives, and gives 
life "more abundantly," is not taught by crucifix, ser- 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 153 

mon, or tract. Mary is the central figure in nearly all 
groups of images and pictures. Mary is held before 
the people as one who saves and intercedes for the 
faithful. Over the door of the Jesuit Church in Cuzco, 
Peru, are the words, "Come unto Mary, all ye who 
labor," etc. 1 In the midst of such conditions Christ 
must be lifted up in all his beauty and power in the 
evangelical message. 

3. Personal salvation by faith, issuing in conscious 
forgiveness and regeneration by the power of the 
Holy Spirit. Here the missionary is at the crux of his 
task. Here evangelicals and Romanists part company. 
Bishop Romero of Buenos Aires diocese said in the 
Congress of Argentina in 1902, in opposing a national 
subsidy for the evangelical schools carried on by the 
Rev. W. C. Morris : 2 "Between the Catholic and 
Protestant religions there exists diametrical opposi- 
tion." He was right! Salvation given through a 
sacrament and maintained by other sacraments and 
salvation received directly by faith in Jesus Christ 
himself are definitions diametrically opposed to each 
other. 

This teaching of the attainability of conscious per- 
sonal religious experience by faith, arrests attention 
in Latin America. The experience itself brings joy 
and gladness to hearts long tortured with uncertainty 
as to their acceptance with God. It satisfies the souls 



a See Liguori's Glories of Mary. 
2 See page 142. 



154 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

of Latins better than processions and images or all 
the pomp and glitter of a gorgeous ceremonial. The 
message must thrill with the vibrant note of a religious 
experience which makes each believing soul very sure 
of God. 

4. Righteous living as a condition of maintaining 
and deepening this new life of God in the soul. Here 
again the demand for special emphasis arises from a 
long history in which there has been no severe ethical 
demand on its membership by the Roman Church. 
The sad truth must be faced. Priests live in drunken- 
ness and immorality and go unrebuked by their 
superiors. Dr. S. R. Gammon of the Southern Presby- 
terian Church in Brazil published a book in 1910 
entitled The Evangelical Invasion of Brazil. His 
twenty years' experience fits him to speak. He says in 
part: 

"But if a large measure of responsibility for the 
moral laxness found in papal lands is to be laid at the 
door of Romish doctrine, no less a measure, surely, 
is to be laid at the door of Rome's priesthood. The 
people of Brazil would lay by far the larger measure 
of it at the door of Brazil's priests. 'Like priest like 
people' is a true proverb. When those who should be 
the moral guides and examples of the people are men 
of depraved lives, men of unblushing immorality, this 
example of moral turpitude must react powerfully on 
the lives of the people themselves. Much has been said 
and been written of the corruption of Romish priests 
in South American countries and the phrase, 'as im- 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 155 

moral as a Brazilian priest/ may be found in European 
literature, as though these were more proverbially 
depraved. Concubinage, open and unblushing, is 
common among them; and refined sensibilities are 
shocked at the bare suggestion of half of the sad story 
of moral depravity. . . . Celibacy and the confessional 
have dragged the priesthood into depths of iniquity 
that are inconceivable. . . . Many of the superiors do 
riot want the evils remedied because they are part and 
parcel of the corruption. . . . To such an extent has 
the evil grown that probably not one priest in ten would 
be left, were discipline applied to all who habitually 
offend against the most fundamental rules of moral 
purity." x 

"Evils exist in evangelical churches. But the 
churches denounce them. If a minister falls into sin 
he is summarily dealt with, as soon as evidence of his 
sin is procurable. In South America the Church well 
knows the scandalous situation, but utters no word of 
protest. We have seen within a year the correspond- 
ence from the secretary of one of the bishops of one 
of the republics addressed to a Spanish ex-priest who 
has been preaching the evangelical gospel more than 
three years. This priest had fallen into immorality 
while serving in another diocese. He wrote out a 
confession, at once humiliating and honorable, and 
personally laid it before his bishop. Instead of help- 
ing him right the wrong, and get back into the favor 



'Pages 82-85. 



156 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

of God, this ecclesiastic told him he would transfer 
him to another field, and there he could ignore it all. 
This was done, and a letter given the sinful priest by 
his bishop saying to his brother bishop whither the 
young man went, that he was in good and regular 
standing ! Broken-hearted the young priest sought out 
the evangelical missionary, was truly converted, mar- 
ried her whom he had wronged, and is living honorably 
with her to this day. A letter from the secretary of 
the bishop offered to forgive him his fault in marrying, 
receive him back into the Roman Church and guarantee 
him a good parish. As to the wife, the letter stated 
that it was not a true marriage and he could set the 
woman and her two babes adrift! 

"Detailed proof could be gathered that would fill 
volumes, but it must suffice to say that the vow of 
purity is a violated vow with a great proportion of 
the priesthood, and that thousands of the illegitimate 
children of South America have priests for their 
fathers. ... Is the ministry of the gospel to be left 
to this priesthood? Are the people of South America 
to receive the chalice of life from their hands? Is 
there any Church in the world or any section of any 
Church which will deny the duty of Christianity to 
redeem this situation in South America ?" * 

What method or methods are best calculated to give 
our message conquering power in South America? 
In what ways shall we sound forth the gospel so that 
it shall be heard and heeded ? 



^peer, South American Problems. 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 157 

Methods 

1. Circulation of the Bible. The whole campaign 
waits on the supply of the Word of God for the people 
in their own tongue. No real headway can be hoped 
for until communities and nations have the Scriptures. 
The Bible is the only source of authoritative teaching 
regarding sin and salvation. Unconverted men and 
women need the Bible. It is the source book of all 
spiritual knowledge for the new disciple. It is the 
incomparable guide to the religious student and spirit- 
ual leader. It is the unsurpassable book of devotion 
for those who seek the richest experience of divine 
grace. In carrying out his work the evangelical 
preacher not only takes his text, but expounds his 
whole message, from and by the authority of the Bible. 
He uses it as containing the authentic teaching of 
Jesus Christ and his apostles. There can be no higher 
authority concerning the real nature of sin and the 
fundamental saving truths of Christianity than the 
Book which alone preserves the actual story of the 
words and works of Jesus and his apostles. Upon 
the teaching of the apostles and prophets of Jesus 
Christ the Church was founded, and it can have no 
other historical foundation, no other outward court of 
appeal, than that, for the exposition and defense of 
these saving truths. 

In lands where the inspired Word has been denied 
to the people it is of the very first importance to make 
two statements most plain both by word and deed : 



158 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 



i^ 



(i) As the teachings of the prophets, of Christ, 
and of his apostles were given out freely to the learned 
and to the unlearned, to the lowly and to those who 
ruled over them, and as these very words make up the 
body of Holy Scripture as inspired and preserved by 
God himself, this Book can and should be freely used 
by all classes of all ages and all races as the source 
of instruction in the way of salvation. 

' (2) The Bible is the final authority in all things 
spiritual. Nothing which is declared by the Bible as 
necessary for salvation can be added to or subtracted 
from by any other authority without betraying the 
eternal interests of the souls Christ died to save. 
Tradition is ruled out of court by this evangelical 
message regarding the Word of God, together with 
all assumption of papal or priestly authority to deny 
the use of the Scriptures to the people, or to take 
from or add to its conditions of salvation and soul 
health. 

An editor of one of the missionary journals in the 
United States not long since wrote : "Among the many 
evidences of direct divine interposition in the evan- 
gelization of Brazil, there are none more noticeable 
than the almost miraculous results attending the 
simple reading of the Bible, without note or comment. 
There are scores of cases on record of individuals 
converted by the perusal of copies of the Scriptures 
which had come into their possession, and several of 
our important churches had their origin in the con- 
version of individuals by the unaided study of the 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 159 

Bible and their subsequent reading of the same to 
their relatives and neighbors until whole neighbor- 
hoods had accepted the gospel before ever hearing or 
seeing a Protestant preacher/' 

The following is a case taken from many similar 
cases given by Dr. Tucker r 1 "A member of the church 
in Sao Paulo had a brother who was a seller of lottery 
tickets and annually canvassed large sections of the 
country on horseback, going from house to house with 
his wares. Before he started out on one of his jour- 
neys, his sister, with a prayer for God's blessing, put 
a copy of the Bible in his saddle-bags. It remained 
unnoticed for some time until, being storm-stayed for 
some days at a plantation-house, he brought it out, 
and as a matter of curiosity showed it to his hostess. 
As soon as the lady had glanced over its pages she 
became deeply interested in it, and said, 'Why, this 
is just the book that I have been longing for for years/ 
She not only read it eagerly herself, but kept calling 
the attention of other members of the family to 
passages which she thought especially beautiful or 
important. Finally she began to ask the owner for 
some explanation. He, however, replied that he did 
not belong to that religion, and did not pretend to 
understand it, but that his sister who had given him 
the Bible did. 'Then I will send at once for your 
sister to come and teach us about this new religion/ 
she replied, and accordingly addressed a letter to the 



^The Bible in Brazil, 247. 



160 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

sister urging her to come and explain to them this 
new and strange book, signing herself, 'Your sister in 
the gospel/ 

"The lady went as was requested, and upon her 
arrival was delighted and embarrassed to find more 
than sixty people gathered in the large dining-room of 
the plantation-house to hear her explain the gospel. 
She did the best she could for two or three nights, 
and then wrote to her pastor that he must come at once 
or send some one to preach to the people. A young 
native preacher was sent, and he conducted services for 
several successive nights with large and most attentive 
audiences. The result was the organization of a Pres- 
byterian church, which now bears the name of Itaiiba, 
and numbers fifty communicants. The young man 
who introduced the Bible into that community also 
became converted, and he has been for years a most 
faithful and successful colporteur, selling hundreds of 
Bibles and penetrating in many cases far into the 
interior where no minister or missionary has ever 
been." 

First, last, and all the time, the work of the 
American and British Bible Societies must be aided in 
every way by evangelical Christians. 

2. Preaching the gospel. Christ said, "As ye go, 
preach !" Paul said, "For after that in the wisdom of 
God, the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased 
God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that 
believe." This preaching is evangelism according to 
Christ. Evangelism is an obligation laid upon the 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 161 

propagandist of the faith by the terms of the great 
commission. We are commanded to make disciples. 
We are not ordered merely to announce a "plan of 
salvation/' We have not exhausted the command until 
disciples are witnessing to their joy in the new Master. 
The missionary should meditate prayerfully on the 
order in which the duties are prescribed by our Lord 
in his final commission. According to Christ the first 
business of the Christian worker is to make disciples. 
Teaching them follows. And the teaching commanded 
is confined to "them." His last command fixed the 
order of propagandist activities for all races and all 
fields, and all time. First "make disciples," and then 
teach them — not unbelievers — "to observe all things, 
whatsoever I have commanded you." The blessed 
promise of his presence is for those who follow his 
command. 

The mass movement in India to-day is a standing 
proof of the large wisdom of this program of Christ. 
The workers have educated their own disciples. Those 
who have benefited by the schools have come to a 
leadership influential out of all proportion to their 
numbers. They are filling positions in government 
service, in commercial life, and in Christian work to 
which neither they nor any of their castes could have 
aspired before discipleship. All through those packed 
masses of depressed people in India has run a new 
thrill of hope. They see a Master whom it is well 
to serve. 

What a message this evangelism brings to the mil- 



1 62 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

lions in South America! It is so new, so fresh, so 
arresting, so satisfying. It is in very deed the "good 
news." The evangelical preacher has no images, no 
list of saints, to recommend as objects of trust and 
appeal. He has on the other hand the unsurpassed gift 
of personal and intimate and loving communion with 
the Father and the Savior to offer to every man. 
When he proclaims the redemption wrought out on 
the cross, when he proclaims with a heart full of joy 
and confidence the forgiveness of sins, he proclaims 
also the only conditions on which these gifts become 
the possession of every man. The conditions are 
repentance for sin and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ. 
It is a universal message, and the conditions are those 
which every man can fulfil if he will do so. 

This is the point at which the tyranny of priestcraft 
can be broken down most effectively, for the man 
who hears the appeal of God to his own soul, and the 
summons to trust his Father directly is soon aware 
that the intrusion of a priestly functionary upon his 
inner relations with God is an outrage on God's grace 
and on the human conscience. The message of for- 
giveness, of justification or acceptance into God's 
direct and constant fellowship, addressed to all 
prodigal sons, implies that he who obeys can live daily 
with God. To many Latin Americans, Roman 
Catholics and agnostics alike, it is a thrilling and 
utterly unexpected announcement, that prayer is daily 
speech with God. 

Could any method be more assuring of the favor 






si 




\ 





MESSAGE AND METHOD 163 

of God than the evangelism which presents this direct 
approach to God through the preaching of the gospel? 
This is going about the business commanded by our 
divine Lord in his own appointed way. In this cam- 
paign of evangelism negative and irritating methods of 
approach should not be used. Many have erred 
grievously at this point, and many are erring yet in 
various parts of the field. Evangelical Christians are 
not sent to South America to overthrow Romanism. 
They are not there because many inhabitants are 
Romanists. Their mission to South America is to 
offer salvation to people who do not have it. Their 
business is not to antagonize but to preach Christ. 
Millions are not in communion with the Church of 
Rome. Millions are children of parents who have 
long ago rejected Romanism. When an attack is made 
upon the teaching of the Roman Church by an evan- 
gelical missionary he will be applauded by many. But 
by whom ? By those who will follow him as he presents 
the claims of Christ to the heart and life? No! It 
will come from those who have renounced all religion, 
and therefore rejoice to see any religious belief dealt 
hard blows. The methods of the anticlericals are not 
those which should be used by the evangelical mis- 
sionary. No form of direct controversy should be 
sought or lightly undertaken. There is work to be 
done in combating error, but this will be forced upon 
the missionary more often than he will find it profitable 
to pick up the gage of battle. Jesus said, "I came not 
to destroy, but to fulfil/' 



1 64 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Controversy is often a sheer waste of intellectual 
and spiritual munitions. In all the history of the 
Church the wisest and most successful evangelical 
preachers have found that direct controversy is less 
efficient than the tremendous influence of the positive 
message. Abuses of the most shocking kind had 
grown up in the Jewish Church, but Paul only speaks 
of them in sorrow, and passes on to his positive offer 
of peace and pardon and fellowship. Much of the 
strength of George Fox lay in his constant emphasis 
upon the riches of a life all given up to God, and filled 
with his grace. John Wesley could have devoted his 
life to merciless excoriation of flagrant abuses in the 
Church of England, but he chose to start a great 
spiritual movement. The Panama Congress wisely 
advised that the approach "to the peoples and beliefs of 
Latin America should be neither critical nor antago- 
nistic." The seven-minute address of Dr. W. F. 
Oldham expressed the thought of the great majority 
of the delegates. He said in part : 

"I, too, was born a Roman Catholic, but have always 
lived under a free flag, and do not, therefore, feel as 
acutely as you." As to the presentation of evangelical 
truths, he says : 

"I would distinguish between minor matters and 
fundamental error, and with the 'determination to 
understand' that Dr. Mott quoted from the Bishop of 
Oxford I would search for the underlying reasons 
for the error so that I might show how that need to 
which the error seeks to minister can be better met 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 165 

by a true understanding of gospel teaching. Take the 
worship of the Virgin Mary. What makes this one 
of the most widely received and popular errors of 
Romanism? Is it not the longing of frail humanity 
for that in God which feels the weaknesses and sympa- 
thizes with the struggles of poor, failing folks ? How 
shall I preach in the presence of this human fact and 
this Roman teaching? Shall I not bring to my hearers 
a Christ who is not only very God of very God — 
begotten not made — but also very man, who is not a 
'high priest' who cannot be touched with the feeling of 
our infirmities, but 'one that hath been in all points 
tempted like as we are ?' And should I not ceaselessly 
endeavor with utmost tenderness to point out that all 
they are seeking in Mary is present in boundless 
measure in Jesus, our human-divine Savior — and 
would thus seek to recover for them their living Lord ? 
That is, in a word I would seek to be evangelical rather 
than Protestant in the general trend of my teaching. 
I would trust the clear light of my positive construc- 
tive, Biblical statement to supplant wrong ideas, for it 
is the very function of light to shine away the dark- 
ness. But above all I would earnestly pray God to 
keep me sympathetic and gentle in my approaches to 
the people, and that he would create in me the yearning 
desire, the passion of soul, to save these ungospeled 
ones from sin and wrong and from either self-suffi- 
ciency or callousness of spirit." 1 



Commission II, Panama Congress. 



166 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

3. A continent -wide provision for Christian educa- 
tion in all its forms. To go into detail here would be 
but to rehearse what has already been outlined in 
Chapter VI. 

4. The free use of good literature. Here the un- 
preparedness of the missionary body is seen in its 
worst form. Here the evangelical forces have failed 
to comply with the dictates of common prudence. 
Knowing the enormous power of the printed page 
whether for good or evil the enemy has been allowed 
to sow the tares of infidel, agnostic, and salacious 
literature while the mission boards slept. Here and 
there sacrificial efforts by a few heroic souls with a 
vision have redeemed the situation. A stream of 
French infidelity and even of French immorality has 
found its way into Spanish or is read in the original 
in every part of South America, while the leaders of 
missionary work failed to organize a sufficient counter 
attack in the form of periodicals, tracts, and books 
in Portuguese and Spanish, by which alone we can 
reach the minds and hearts of millions in South 
America. Having been denied the blessings of the 
Protestant movement, Spain itself has produced al- 
most no literature which can be utilized in the mis- 
sionary campaigns now being waged. This literature 
has yet to be created. And when this is done, the 
problem of suitable agencies for distribution must be 
thought through and set in operation. 

5. A large use of the growing national Church- 
membership. South American converts are not as 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 167 

hard to be won as is commonly believed. But this is 
not the only encouragement in the situation. The 
South American convert is half a century nearer the 
goal of Christian equipment than the average convert 
from a heathen or pagan faith. He has always known 
of the one God whose incarnate Son died on the cross 
as a sacrificial offering for sin. He has known all his 
life of forgiveness of sin, though in an erroneous form, 
and has always had immortality before him both as a 
goal and incentive. On the average he is a better 
educated man than our converts in India or Africa. 
Therefore he can be used as a witness for his Lord 
earlier in his experience, and more effectively than 
those in many other fields. And he should be so used. 

It is beginning to be recognized in the Churches at 
the Home Base that too little soul-winning and soul- 
feeding work has been expected of lay members. The 
best conceivable proof of Christ's power is a saved life, 
freed from the thraldom of sin and filled with the joy 
of a transforming experience. To fail to use that 
life would be as harmful to the convert as it would be 
to the cause of Christ. 

"The evangelical Church in the field is practically a 
new force. It did not exist when the first mission- 
aries landed and began their work. The visible agency 
was then the foreign missionary and such aids in the 
way of literature and helpers as he could bring with 
him. But now early in the twentieth century we find 
ourselves in possession of a new agency, the organized 
Church. This force is so new that it is not yet fully 



i68 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

understood, and not being fully understood it falls 
far short of being efficiently utilized." x 

Self-propagating churches frankly conforming to 
national standards of salary and equipment, can cer- 
tainly be built up in South America by the use of the 
spontaneous witnessing of newly-won disciples. The 
Apostolic Church was established chiefly by converts 
who remained in the calling or business in which they 
were found, but who eagerly and ceaselessly witnessed 
for their Lord. Mohammedanism is spread over 
Africa by camel-drivers and merchants, every one of 
whom speaks to the pagan African of Mohammed and 
the worship of the one God. With such a campaign 
Christianity would quickly win. 

Such an experiment has been tried out in the Philip- 
pine Islands in the last fifteen years. Within the first 
seven years over 20,000 converts had been gathered 
into Church fellowship, and more than two hundred 
selected converts were preaching from one to three 
times each week without salary, and with no more 
thought of receiving salary than teachers in our Sun- 
day-schools have of being paid for their work. Several 
of the larger groups of converts assumed the support 
of a gifted young man as their own pastor. One gave 
him and his wife rooms, and others gave fish, rice, 
fowls, and money until prosperity enabled them to deal 
more generously. The sacrificial spirit was called out. 
Believers were drawn together. Spontaneity charac- 



^ommission VI, Panama Congress, 7. 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 169 

terized giving and praying as well as speaking. Of 
such a working national Church the missionary will 
gladly say, "These must increase, but I must decrease." 
These must take over and carry on the vast enterprise 
of evangelizing their own continent. 

6. A larger program of social service. This method 
is not new. It has been used from the beginning, but 
impending and profound readjustments throughout 
South America call for alert, suggestive leadership in 
both preventive and remedial services to a social order 
unsettled at best but certain to be shaken to its foun- 
dations by causes already at work. 

South America is soon to have an influx of manu- 
facturing interests. Raw materials are there. Power 
pours down their hills which will soon be harnessed to 
hydroelectric machinery, and factories are bound to 
spring up. This will bring both capital and labor. 
Cities will grow in deserts. "This industrial revo- 
lution, which is now on its way around the world, is 
vastly more than a radical change in the forms of 
industry. The method of gaining a livelihood has 
always had a powerful influence in shaping civiliza- 
tion. The incoming of the factory, the opening up of 
virgin resources, and the development of commerce 
create conditions of life as far removed from those 
which attend a civilization primarily agricultural as 
the east is from the west. Daily habits, the standard 
of living, methods of housing, sanitation, the density 
of population, the death-rate, the marriage rate, the 
birth-rate, interdependence between individuals, classes, 



170 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

communities, and nations, and a thousand other things 
are all profoundly affected by the organization of 
industry and the resulting development of mines, rail- 
ways, and factories. New and conflicting ideas and 
interests, class consciousness, and at the same time a 
growing sense of solidarity; new conceptions of the 
relations of the individual to society embodied in 
socialism, syndicalism, and anarchism; new rights, 
new duties, new opportunities, new responsibilities, 
new needs, new perils — all these go to make up the 
great social problem so characteristic of our times 
which constitutes an imperative demand for the re- 
adjustment of civilization to radically new conditions 
created by the industrial revolution. 

"These new social problems complicate moral and 
religious problems. The division of labor, which is 
the very essence of organized industry, multiplies inter- 
dependence a thousandfold, renders human relation- 
ships far more close and complex, creates new rights 
and new duties, and therefore raises new questions of 
practical morals." l 

Trained social students among the evangelical forces 
have a duty to keep sharp lookout on all such matters 
in order to prevent the tragedies unforeseen in our 
own and European states. Bad housing, overcrowding, 
high death-rates, unsanitary factories and shops, arid 
child-labor must be headed off. Such evils begin in 
ignorance, but live on cupidity. 



Commission II, Panama Congress. 



MESSAGE AND METHOD 171 

Here and there in Latin America also outstanding 
examples of institutional work are to be found, such 
as the People's Central Institute of the Southern 
Methodist Mission at Rio de Janeiro. One of our 
correspondents thus outlines its work: "A combined 
down-town institutional forward movement to reach 
the masses in the commercial and business center and 
the extensive slum district and the seafaring classes of 
the port of Rio de Janeiro, a city of nearly a million 
inhabitants. (1) Department of evangelization and 
religious instruction : preaching, gospel meetings, Bible 
classes, Sunday-school, Bible reading, tract distribu- 
tion, etc. (2) Department of elementary and practical 
education : kindergarten, day and night schools, classes 
in the practical arts of cooking, housekeeping, sewing, 
first aid to the injured, typewriting, etc. (3) De- 
partment of physical training: (a) classes for young 
men and boys, young women and girls, in physical 
culture; (b) gymnastics and indoor games; (c) open- 
air playgrounds. (4) Department of charity and help : 
medical consultations, clinic and dispensary, visita- 
tions and personal ministry to the sick and neglected. 
(5) Department of recreation and amusement: festi- 
vals, lantern shows, popular lectures, social gatherings 
and picnics. (6) Department of employment: a 
bureau whose object is to bring those in need of em- 
ployment into touch with employers. (7) Depart- 
ment for seamen : preaching and gospel service in the 
hall and on board ship, reading, correspondence, and 
game rooms, distribution of literature, visitation of 



172 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

the sick in the hospitals and on board ship, board and 
lodging, and care for the general spiritual, intellectual, 
social, and physical welfare of sailors/' * 

With the recovery of Christ's conception of the 
kingdom of heaven as a saved society here in the 
earth, where God's will is done by man as it is by the 
angels, methods of social Christianity are soon adapted 
to local needs. But the evangelical churches must 
prove their service value to the communities where they 
do their work. The helpfulness of the Son of man 
must be seen and felt in the lives of unselfish members 
who, like their Lord, are always "going about doing 
good." Sacrificial services for the sick, the unfortu- 
nate, the stranger, the lonely, or the foreigner is the 
unforced expression of love. And "God is love." 
"Beloved, if God so loved us, we also ought to love 
one another." "My little children, let us not love in 
word, neither with the tongue, but in deed and truth." 



Commission II, Panama Congress. 



VIII 

THE PANAMA CONGRESS AND THE 
OUTLOOK 

Since February, 1916, the briefest study of mis- 
sionary work in the southern continent must include 
an appraisal of the Congress on Christian Work in 
Latin America. 

This delegated body of 299 workers represented 
twenty-two American nations and fifty missionary 
boards and societies. It met in Panama, February 
10-20, 19 1 6, and when it adjourned a new chapter 
had been written in the religious history of the 
western continent. If South America felt the im- 
pulse of this historic gathering more than the other 
countries, it is because the continental part of the 
Latin American problem is there, and it has five eighths 
of the whole population to be reached. 

Origin 

The Congress grew out of a "divine discontent." 
From the hour when those who framed the plans for 
the great World Missionary Conference at Edinburgh 
in 19 10 decided that missions in Greek and Roman 
Catholic lands would not be included in its purview, 
it was clear that a similar gathering dealing with the 
problems of Latin America only would be a necessity. 

173 



174 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Delegates to the Edinburgh Conference informally 
agreed upon such a plan before leaving Great Britain. 
The next step was taken nearly two years later. 
This time the Foreign Missions Conference of the 
United States and Canada acted. This influential body 
of secretarial representatives of boards of foreign 
missions set March 12-13, I 9 I 3> as the date for an 
informal conference of those who have the spiritual 
welfare of Latin America at heart. This was held 
in New York City and developed a surprising interest. 
Able papers were presented, stirring addresses were 
made, and a Committee on Cooperation in Latin 
America was called into being, to consider what 
further steps should be taken. After much corre- 
spondence, deliberation, and prayer, this Committee, 
September 22 , 19 14, issued the call for a Congress on 
Christian Work in Latin America. 

Preparation 

To furnish a basis for intelligent discussion, and 
tabulated results for a permanent record, eight Com- 
missions were appointed with trained missionary 
leaders as chairmen and a total of 215 members. The 
work of these Commissions can be estimated by their 
names. 

I. Survey and Occupation. 
II. Message and Method. 

III. Education. 

IV. Literature. 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 175 

V. Women's Work. 

VI. The Church in the Field. 

VII. The Home Base. 

VIII. Cooperation and the Promotion of Unity. 

Sessions 

The first formal session was addressed by his 
excellency, Senor La Fevre, Minister of Foreign Rela- 
tions of the Republic of Panama. The fact that this 
prominent official of the new nation gave an address 
of welcome was most gratifying to those who knew 
that the Roman Catholic Bishop of the diocese of 
Panama, urging the fact that Roman Catholicism is 
the Established Church of the Republic, had not only 
persuaded the President to deny the Congress the use 
of the National Theater for its public meetings, but 
had instructed the priests publicly to denounce the 
gathering and to forbid Romanists to attend. 

Senor Le Fevre said in part: "I desire to welcome 
you, not because of the formalities of etiquette, but 
because I wish with all sincerity to contribute to the 
success of meetings like these, which help to bring to 
my country elements of the highest civilization to 
which all good citizens aspire. The Constitution of 
the Republic of Panama gives ample guaranties of 
liberty of conscience. As a proof of this, and because 
our government fervently desires to create the feeling 
of tolerance in the republic, I have not hesitated to 
accept your kind invitation and to proffer a genuine 



176 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

welcome, although I am a sincere and devout Roman 
Catholic. ... I take great pleasure in saluting you 
in the name of the government of Panama, and wish 
for you all success in your mission." 

An entire day was given to the consideration of 
each of the Commission Reports. No "findings" or 
"declarations or policies" were even proposed for 
adoption. The Congress was held for a deeper under- 
standing of the intricate problems of the evangelization 
of Latin America, and for the promotion of friend- 
ship and brotherliness. The germinal suggestions of 
the Reports and of the daily discussions at Panama 
are the only "deliverances" which the Congress offers 
to the students of mission work in Latin America. 
The Congress voted on but one measure, and that was 
to enlarge the Committee on Cooperation in Latin 
America, commending the large projects which the 
boards will soon put forward. 

Achievements 

What are some of the things which were accom- 
plished, or set on the way toward achievement, by 
the Panama Congress? 

I. A scientific "survey" of the life of Latin 
America was prepared in the eight Commission Re- 
ports, which has international significance. Nothing 
has been published about South America approaching 
these Reports in thoroughness and accuracy. The 
editors of the Outlook say: "The printed reports . . . 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 177 

are noteworthy documents, — scientific, full of the 
fruits of painstaking and original research. Those 
on 'Education' and 'Women's Work/ for example, 
are sociological essays worthy of a scholarly encyclo- 
pedia." 

Into these Reports has been poured the combined 
knowledge and experience of hundreds of the best 
minds of North and South America. Every con- 
ceivable source of information was tapped. States- 
men of long and varied experience ; bishops with years 
of administrative service to their credit; missionary 
secretaries grown wise in the issues of Latin America 
through long handling of their problems ; missionaries 
from every branch of the work; educators of the 
highest rank — all have given of their best to enrich 
these Reports until they stand forth worthy in them- 
selves to justify all the labor and cost of the Congress 
if nothing else could be set down to its credit. To- 
gether with a stenographic report of the best of the 
addresses at Panama, these Reports are to be pub- 
lished in three indexed volumes. These will be in- 
valuable to students of South American conditions for 
decades to come. 

2. Proof was furnished for the world to see that 
Latin Americans, if given an equal chance, are the 
intellectual and spiritual peers of their Anglo-Saxon 
brethren. Solid ability was displayed by the national 
pastors and educationalists. To those who knew 
South America it was no surprise, but the caliber of 
these men and women from the nations among whom 



178 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

mission churches have been gathering converts for 
decades came as a revelation to many from North 
America. 

There were such men as the Rev. Alvaro Reis, 
pastor of the Presbyterian Church, Rio de Janeiro, 
Brazil. Mr. Reis is a native son, led to Christ in early 
life, and educated for the ministry in Brazil, and has 
served for years as pastor of one of the strongest 
national churches on the continent. He is a man of 
about fifty years of age, with a fine presence, a com- 
manding voice, and a strong personality. He is a 
forceful and convincing preacher, and has won his 
way to real leadership among the men who are putting 
new moral underpinning beneath the life of Brazil. 
He is liberally supported by the free-will offerings 
of the church of which he is the pastor. 

Dr. J. Luis Fernanda Braga, Jr., is a modern scholar 
and a natural leader of men. He is the Chairman of 
the National Committee of the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association in Brazil. The ease with which he 
played his full part in the Congress, both in strong 
public addresses and in the intricate details of Com- 
mittee work showed the stuff of which the modern 
South American is made. 

The Rev. Frederico Barroetavena of Argentina is a 
national pastor from Rosario where he is serving a 
self-supporting church for the sixth year. He is a 
graduate of the modest Theological Seminary sup- 
ported by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Buenos 
Aires, and is serving a loyal and enthusiastic church. 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 179 

Mr. Barroetavena is an impressive speaker and a tire- 
less worker. Over 200 new members were taken into 
his church in one year, nearly all of whom were con- 
verted in the regular services. 

Space limitations forbid the mention of a score of 
others who were actually present, or of hundreds who 
were kept away by distance, expense, and the limit 
necessarily placed on the number of delegates to such a 
body. It was recognized that with such leaders a self- 
supporting and self -directing Church throughout South 
America is not such a far-off event as many had sup- 
posed. 

3. North American delegates were convinced that 
social and moral conditions in Latin America are just 
as dark as they have been represented by missionaries, 
and by such books as Dr. Speer's South American 
Problems. A scientifically conducted survey has estab- 
lished the facts beyond dispute. Commission Reports 
include but the merest fraction of the evidence sub- 
mitted by correspondents as to low moral standards, 
illiteracy, illegitimacy, and social inefficiency. But 
enough is contained in them to show that the conditions 
demand the gospel of individual salvation and of 
national and social righteousness. Just as President 
Sarmiento in Argentina and President Alfaro in 
Ecuador turned to evangelical leaders for help, educa- 
tors, statesmen, and journalists of South America 
plead for our help to-day. 

At no time during the Congress was this direct 
challenge of national leaders in Latin America uttered 



180 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

in more ringing tones than in the remarkable address 
of Judge del Toro. This man is not a member of any 
evangelical church, yet he came to the Congress 
to appeal to evangelical Christianity for the spiritual 
and moral leadership which Latin America must 
have if it is to throw off the evils of intolerance, 
superstition, and illiteracy which prevent its develop- 
ment. He represents a multitude of thinking men 
who are shaping the destinies of South America. Like 
them he has lost faith in the state Church. Unlike 
many of them he sees hope ! He finds it in Scriptural 
Christianity. "I have listened/' he said, "during these 
days to the voice of America expressed in three 
languages. Its vast territory, its many races, its com- 
plicated problems, having passed through my imagina- 
tion and my conscience many times, and always at the 
close of my meditations there shone with brighter 
light the words of Jesus : 'But I say unto you, Love 
your enemies. ... Ye therefore shall be perfect, as 
your heavenly Father is perfect/ The labor of im- 
planting this doctrine is great. It means not only 
preaching, but living the gospel, planting schools where 
children can be taught and universities where those 
who scale the heights of science, arts, and letters may 
preserve the humility of Christians and use their privi- 
leges for the good of their brethren. Withal there 
must be Christian literature in Spanish and Portuguese 
to lead child and adult into the living principles of 
Christ. May God illumine your hearts and minds for 
this great task !" 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 181 

4. Conviction was carried to hundreds of the most 
influential Christian leaders that the evangelization of 
Latin America is a task as difficult, as vast, and as 
promising and with as strong a note of "immediacy" 
as comes from any mission field in the world. One of 
the missionary administrators who was present 
throughout, and whose participation was always help- 
ful both in address and committee work, has had long 
experience in Asiatic mission fields and pleads their 
case with zeal and power. He said before one of the 
supporting boards, since the Congress, that the sweep 
and significance of the missionary work in all Latin 
America amazed and stirred him, and that he felt the 
appeal of this field to be one which held a note of 
divine imperiousness for the churches of North 
America. This is a typical experience. These dele- 
gates will communicate their new conviction to thou- 
sands and these to tens of thousands, and the arousing 
of evangelical Christians in the United States, Canada, 
and Great Britain will be well on the way toward 
achievement. For the lack of this breath of interest 
and intercession in her sails, the ship of South 
American missionary effort has been partially be- 
calmed. Now it will feel a thrill and move ! 

5. The Congress gave the world fresh proof that 
the unity for which our Lord prayed is already attained 
in the hearts and lives of many of his people. If all 
the delegates and speakers had been members of the 
same visible Church, there could have been no deeper 
union in spirit, in motive, in purpose, in devotion. 



1 82 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

Roman leaders make great capital out of the "unhappy 
divisions" of Protestantism. There are too many 
denominations; there is some strife here and there. 
But such differences of belief as existed at Panama 
are compatible with entire oneness at the deepest levels 
of experience and life. 

It is at these profound deeps of soul-life that the 
boasted unity of Romanism fails. Strife and bitterness 
between monk and monk, between Capuchin and Do- 
minican, between Augustinian and Recoleto groups are 
hidden from public gaze; but they are there, and they 
burn ceaselessly. The unity realized in the Panama 
Congress came not from uniformity of opinion, but 
from the urgency of tasks too great for anything but 
the united effort of all. As these were seriously faced 
day after day, no one asked whether the speakers were 
Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, or Episcopalians, 
for all spoke the language of the children of God and 
brothers of Jesus Christ. This compelling testimony 
to a unity already attained is the most valuable con- 
tribution of the Congress. 

Three hundred and eighty-five years ago a band of 
men gathered at Panama. They planned the first 
invasion of South America, and carried it out with 
consummate daring and merciless cruelty. At last 
Panama has seen a different type of invaders plotting 
together for a second advance into the southern conti- 
nent. These go in the name of Christ with love in their 
hearts, and are not asking what the people of those 
lands can give them, but rather "seek to impart unto 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 183 

them some spiritual gift to the end that they may be 
established/' It is a plan far more promising than the 
commercial policy which German leaders called "peace- 
ful penetration." It is peaceful, and more. It is 
sacrificial, as becomes those who are followers of him 
who gave himself that others "may have life and may 
have it abundantly/' 

The Congress on Christian Work at Panama means 
more for South American interests in their higher 
ranges than anything that has taken place since 
Columbus saw its shores. Time will only add to its 
rich significance. Every young man or woman who 
invests a life of service there will find the work made 
more plain before them because of the ever-memorable 
ten days at Panama in February, 19 16. 

Outlook 

Victories have been won in the face of opposition as 
hot as has been met with in any field. The success of 
South American mission work compared with the same 
kind of work in other fields surprised all who par- 
ticipated in the Congress on Christian Work in Latin 
America. No statistical tables, however cunningly 
devised, have a mesh fine enough to catch and hold 
for the gaze of the curious the most profound and 
dynamic results of moral and spiritual forces such as 
those employed by the missionary. Therefore, we 
must look at those results which are too subtle and too 
pervasive and too much diffused throughout society ta 



184 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

be seized and imprisoned in the cold columns of the 
statistical expert. 

The lives of the missionary body in South America 
have witnessed to the vital connection between true 
Christianity and holy living. This has toned up the 
ethical situation in a way recognizable in a hundred 
directions, but it is a result so vast, so silent, and so 
transforming as to escape exact statement. It creates 
an atmosphere in which baseness breathes with in- 
creasing difficulty, and virtue revives and walks erect. 
It makes it harder to do wrong and easier to do right 
in a land where religion has had no necessary connec- 
tion with morality, and where even popular govern- 
ment was despaired of by many for the lack of rugged 
character in those whose suffrages controlled its 
destiny. 

Is it not an immense achievement that can be 
credited to the missionary body — that of wresting 
religious toleration from ten nations which had em- 
bedded the hardest intolerance in their constitutions? 
Is it not one of the outstanding victories of the world- 
wide missionary effort of a century that a little band 
of consecrated men have defeated the leagued hosts 
of the hierarchy in a continent- wide battle waged 
during half a century of splendid daring and conquer- 
ing faith? Where is there a parallel? Here is 
triumph. Here is a success so far-reaching that every 
working missionary, and every supporting board, and 
every candidate for service in that field can take it as 
the pledge of the King himself that all other barriers 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 185 

shall be thrown down, and the whole continent won 
for righteousness. 

Humane societies spring up wherever the missionary 
goes. Cattle are no longer dragged from the holds of 
ships by ropes around their horns, while unmerciful 
shippers and buyers jeer at their agony. The first 
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in 
South America was organized by Dr. John F. 
Thompson, one of the pioneer missionaries. It has 
transformed the treatment of dumb animals in the 
nation of Argentina, and its influence is felt in greater 
mercy to the domestic animals in every part of the 
continent. 

Temperance and prohibition are taught first by mis- 
sionaries. No witness against the use of intoxicants 
can be heard in South America which is not the result 
of the missionary precept and example. Every mis- 
sionary society is a temperance organization, and about 
the best form of temperance organization at present. 
In a land where every eating-house is a barroom, and 
where one cannot eat except to the accompaniment of 
the popping of corks and the clinking of drinking 
glasses, this testimony is sorely needed. 

It was a missionary — the Rev. William Goodfellow 
— who was chosen by President Sarmiento of the 
Argentine Republic to aid in the establishment of the 
first generally adopted system of public schools in 
South America. 

President Alfaro of Ecuador turned to another mis- 
sionary — the Rev. Dr. Thomas B. Wood — to lead in 



186 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

planting a system of free public schools in Ecuador. 
Dr. Wood selected the Rev. Harry Compton and Mrs. 
Compton as his associates, and together these mission- 
aries set up the normal schools in Quito and con- 
ducted them until leaders were developed among the 
Ecuadorians. 

In Brazil, also, missionary leadership was largely 
influential in securing for that republic the boon of 
a vigorous system of public schools. 

Converts came slowly at first. In this respect the 
work followed the course of missions in Asia and 
Africa, but the rate of growth has been more rapid 
in South America than in the average foreign fields 
of the several Churches. Surprise was felt by prac- 
tically all experienced missionary leaders in the 
Panama Congress when it was noted that there are 
now 119,549 members and adherents in the evan- 
gelical Churches in South America. The magnitude 
of the total amazed them. We have been at work but 
a few years in comparison with the service rendered 
in Asiatic and African fields. Qualified and partial 
religious liberty was enjoyed in Brazil from the start, 
but not even yet is there so free a hand as has been 
given in India from the beginning of the last century. 
Religious toleration, poorly enforced in many parts, 
has only been attained in Spanish-speaking South 
America from forty years to less than six months in 
the different nations. The workers there have perse- 
vered under almost prohibitive conditions for whole 
decades of the period of missionary occupation. 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 187 

Individual boards report successes in the continent 
under survey from which we can show the compara- 
tive f ruitfulness of the several fields. A few illustra- 
tions must serve as adequate proof. 

The Southern Baptist Board established work in 
Japan in 1890, or eight years later than its beginnings 
in Brazil. But at the Panama Congress it was shown 
that they had 12,516 members in Brazil as against 659 
members in Japan. The same Board began work in 
North China in i860, and had 47 missionaries there 
last year and 6,983 members as against the 12,516 
members in Brazil. In Africa the showing is much 
more favorable to Brazil. 

The Methodist Episcopal Board established work in 
India in 1856. After thirty-two , years they had but 
7,000 members, as against 11,353 full members and 
over 4,000 probationers in South America after a 
shorter period of work since work could be done in 
the language of the people. 

The Northern Presbyterian Board began work in 
South America in 1859, or twenty-five years after 
planting its work in India. They now have 8,361 
members in all their fields in South America, against 
8,563 full members in the three missions carried on 
in India. In India they have a staff of ordained 
missionaries of 54 men, while in South America their 
total ordained staff is only 40. But in India equipment, 
schools, lay missionaries, and native helpers far out- 
rank the total of the South American missionary plant 
and force employed. 



188 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

These illustrations are typical. They prove con- 
clusively that South America is as fruitful a mission 
field as the average. 

There has been no mass movement in South 
America. Perhaps the conditions are such as to pre- 
clude the probability of ever experiencing such whole- 
sale ingatherings. These Christward currents have 
thus far been confined to massed populations living 
under urban conditions, and wrought into very close- 
knit social organizations. It may be that movements 
of a similar nature will not gladden the hearts of the 
missionaries in the southern continent; but this much 
is proved beyond peradventure — South America yields 
results in the conversion of people, in reformed lives, 
in rising national Churches, and in the pervasive and 
transforming power of the Word of God in the lives 
of nations quite as encouragingly as in other and older 
mission fields. When we pour into that continent 
resources of men and of money proportionate to those 
sent and maintained elsewhere, results no less striking 
will gladden men and rejoice the heart of God. 

The outlook is full of hope. Moving simultaneously 
or in cooperation several of the missionary boards and 
societies are preparing to undertake forward move- 
ments. Among these are : 

L A more complete occupation of the whole field. 
Some areas are wholly neglected, while workers are 
relatively crowded in other portions of the continent. 
Some boards have placed their representatives in 
nations and provinces already partly covered by other 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 189 

agencies, with the inevitable waste arising from the 
duplication of preachers, teachers, schools, and other 
institutions, while whole republics or parts of nations 
are left unprovided with any missionary agency. 

For example, there are but three ordained foreign 
missionaries reported for all of Venezuela with its 
nearly three million inhabitants, while the one state of 
Sao Paulo, Brazil, has scores of workers. Ecuador is 
not occupied by any of the regular boards. Northern 
Brazil is wofully neglected, and the crying need of that 
vast Amazonian field must be met by such realinement 
of territory and readjustment and increase of the 
number of missionaries as will bring the gospel within 
the reach of all. 

2. Cooperation between missionary forces received 
such emphasis at Panama that it was felt by all that 
we were being led of the Spirit into a range of co- 
operative effort hitherto deemed impossible. As was 
said at the World Conference in Edinburgh, "The 
work is a campaign of allies ; and yet many are 
ignorant of what the others are doing ... it is the 
judgment of many who are best acquainted with the 
facts that the efficiency of the whole missionary forces 
could be enormously increased, even without any addi- 
tion of missionaries, if only there were more concerted 
planning and wise cooperation." 

Coordinating and standardizing the courses of study 
in all the schools of a given nation in which several 
missions are carrying on their work would greatly 
increase the efficiency of the institutions as educational 



i 9 o SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

agencies, and give a tangible demonstration to all who 
know of the work that there is real unity of spirit and 
plan among the evangelical forces. Such a study of 
the educational problems of any part of the field as 
would make possible this closer knitting up of the 
unrelated efforts of scattered schools might reveal the 
possibility of merging some schools so as to eliminate 
undesirable competition and cover more territory with 
the same expenditure of money, and the employment 
of the same staff of workers. 

A central, cooperating Commission might well be 
supported by all the boards having work in the field for 
the purpose of translating and publishing literature. 
The several colleges which should be planted in Rio de 
Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and Santiago should be estab- 
lished upon such a cooperating basis as would raise 
their usefulness to the highest levels. The training of 
missionary candidates would also be a work in which 
cooperation could find a most profitable field. 

3. The enlarged production of good literature. 
Popular education is steadily becoming more wide- 
spread and efficient. Awakening minds are hungry 
for books and periodicals. Apostles of evil are minis- 
tering to that hunger by sending into South America 
books and periodicals which teach atheism, agnosti- 
cism, and infidelity at the best, and, at the worst, un- 
speakable vileness. News-stands and the counters and 
shelves of bookstores in every city offer skeptical and 
vice-breeding literature. These publications teach that 
religion is an outgrown superstition and that material- 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 191 

istic philosophy is the only rational guide for thinking 
men. 

As an offset to this influence there is little Spanish 
or Portuguese literature suitable for Protestant con- 
verts. The need for theological works of a modern 
and general character is insistent. Books on homiletics 
and other branches of pastoral service can hardly be 
said to exist in either language. No system of com- 
mentaries has been produced. Neither in the fields of 
general or national history or philosophy or sociology 
are there volumes which a modern scholar would call 
adequate. In fiction there is nothing as clean and 
dynamic as Dickens or Scott or George Eliot's works. 
And in what might be named, in the highest sense of 
that term, propagandist literature, — books for con- 
vincing opponents, persuading those who hesitate, 
defending Scriptural positions, and refuting erroneous 
doctrines, — all missionary bodies are wofully lacking. 

The tentative plan is to create an interdenominational 
Commission on Evangelical Literature in Spanish and 
Portuguese, the larger number of members giving but 
portions of their time and but two or three men 
devoting all of their energies to the common task, the 
expense to be shared by such boards and societies 
working throughout Latin America as will enter this 
agreement. The books so produced, and other good 
literature available in either language, are to be 
stocked and sold from two common centers, the 
Portuguese at Rio de Janeiro, and the Spanish in 
some Spanish-speaking city in the western hemisphere. 



192 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

As workers face up to a new literature campaign 
it is clear that the work is so vast and the cost so 
immense that cooperation in the production of cer- 
tain kinds of literature is imperative, that transla- 
tions will not meet the situation, and that those who 
are chosen for this fundamentally important task must 
be men of long Latin-American experience, language 
experts, with the touch of modern scholarship, and 
with true spiritual vision. Among titles already- 
suggested are: "The Message of Evangelical Christi- 
anity/' "The Essentials of Religion as Found in the 
Bible/' "The Nature of Church Authority/' "Helps 
for the Devotional Reading of the Bible," and "Helps 
to Character Building." 

Upon this campaign soon to be launched will depend 
the salvation of countless thousands of people, and the 
edification and underbuilding in the things of the mind 
and heart of millions yet unreached. It is indeed a 
project fraught with great hope. 

4. A plan to reach Latin- American students during 
their period of study in North America. According to 
the last reports available there are 700 students from 
Latin- American countries enrolled in the colleges, uni- 
versities, and technical schools of North America. The 
Committee on Friendly Relations among Foreign 
Students is rendering valuable service to the group 
from Latin-American countries. "Provision is made 
for meeting them upon their arrival in the United 
States, and for giving them special assistance in going 
to the university which they expect to attend. Com- 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 193 

mittees have been appointed in the various colleges and 
universities to assist Latin- American students in regis- 
tration and in the securing of satisfactory accommoda- 
tions. Special receptions for Latin-American students 
are given from time to time in the homes of professors 
and others of the university community. The Com- 
mittee on Friendly Relations among Foreign Students 
invites all Latin-American students to attend special 
conferences for students held during a ten-day period 
in June. Over one hundred Latin-American students 
attended such conferences last year as guests of the 
Committee. Plans are being made for publishing a 
handbook of information regarding North American 
institutions for the use of Latin-American students. 
A complete directory giving the name, nationality, and 
university address of each Latin-American student in 
the United States is being prepared for free distribu- 
tion. Efforts are made to facilitate the investigation 
on the part of Latin-American students of industrial 
and manufacturing plants, also institutions and 
agencies for educational and social betterment pur- 
poses." 1 

5. Definite efforts to reach the student classes, and 
the "intellectuals" in general. With negligible excep- 
tions the missionary appeal has been addressed to the 
humbler classes. It is now proposed to begin a "drive" 
to reach the "intellectuals" — the influential classes. 
These fall into two main groups — the student body 



Commission III, Panama Congress. 



194 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

in government institutions, and professional men and 
politicians. 

These men are, at best, indifferent to any religious 
appeal. Religion and superstition are convertible terms 
in their minds. Some are hostile, opposing any 
religious program as unworthy of the attention of a 
modern mind. Among five thousand students in one 
South American university only four men openly 
avowed settled religious convictions. Three of these 
were Romanists and one a Protestant. This is typical 
of student groups throughout the southern republics. 
Spiritism and theosophy are gaining a hearing among 
thousands of these men — proving again that the heart 
craves religion, and will not be satisfied with mere 
negation. 

To provide pastors with the educational prepara- 
tion for such a task, and possessed of the language 
gifts, the tact, and the personality needed to arouse 
and guide a true spiritual interest among the thinking 
classes of South America is the initial difficulty. With 
suitable places of worship, an ample budget, a church 
atmosphere at once cordial and dignified, reading 
matter that will command both attention and respect, 
it is to be hoped that indifference will give place to 
interest, and hostility to faith and cooperation. 

The educational program to meet this need calls 
for the establishment of several colleges, with good 
material equipment and endowment. It is proposed 
to staff them with consecrated scholars who will make 
their life contribution as Christian teachers. The 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 195 

course should not conform to the courses laid down 
by the several governments, but must be shaped with 
a view to giving a broad and sound education, based 
upon genuine Christian character. If recognition of 
its work in the form of degrees from the government 
university can be gained, that will be an advantage. 
A generous number of such institutions scattered 
throughout South America would exercise a profound 
influence by supplying intellectual leadership coupled 
with the highest Christian character. It would give 
a mighty impulse to every good cause and change the 
very currents of national life. 

As feeders to these colleges there should be a well- 
matured plan for local day-schools of a simple but 
efficient type. These ought to be entirely supported by 
modest fees paid by parents who have the benefits of 
their aid in building up their children in knowledge 
and Christian character. 

There should be vocational schools at a few centers 
where pupils could work and earn their support during 
a part of the day while studies occupied the remaining 
hours, and all under the most wholesome Christian 
influences. 

6. There must be greater emphasis upon adequate 
training for national preachers and teachers. In 
Santiago, Chile, a joint theological seminary has been 
begun by Methodists and Presbyterians. It has been 
in operation two years, and the plan has proved a com- 
plete success. Its staff is inadequate, and it meets in a 
church, as there is no building yet provided. All the 



196 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

foreign teachers except one have exacting duties in 
other forms of missionary service; but the increased 
efficiency of the eight young men who are pursuing the 
course is highly gratifying. Denominational seminary 
work is being done in Brazil and in Argentina, but 
with poor equipment and inadequate staff, except at 
one or two places. An experienced worker in Brazil 
writes: "We wonder why we do not make greater 
advance, why we do not reach the upper or educated 
class, and yet we are trying to do this with workers 
w T hose preparation is limited to a few years of study 
with some missionary whose time is largely occupied 
with other duties." There is a need in Latin America 
to-day for an educated ministry, and we need not even 
think of reaching cultured men and women until we 
have men of their own blood who can meet them on a 
social equality and can preach correctly in their own 
tongue. At the Panama Congress, Bishop Brown of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church, who spent twenty- 
four years in Brazil, said : "I believe most fully in the 
educated native minister. I am convinced that the 
Anglo-Saxon cannot within one generation fully 
understand the view-point of the Latin man." 

It is also the fixed purpose of many missionary 
leaders to develop evangelical normal schools. Mac- 
kenzie College has already taken the first steps toward 
the establishment of a school of pedagogy. In these 
institutions would be trained the teachers needed in 
the mission schools, and the excellent preparation and 
high character of the graduates would practically 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 197 

compel their employment in private and government 
institutions. Funds and lives invested in this form of 
work will be far more fruitful than if spent in the 
maintenance of day-schools. 

7. A new and enlarged use of the Sunday-school as 
the greatest single agency in both evangelization and 
Christian education. 

The World's Sunday School Association has ap- 
pointed the Rev. George P. Howard as its special 
secretary for South America. He gives one half of 
his time to the Sunday-school work, and one half to 
one of the missionary boards. Mr. Howard was born 
and reared in Buenos Aires and educated in North 
America. His parents were English, his father being 
one of the most useful ministers of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in eastern South America for many 
years. With the appointment of Mr. Howard hope 
has sprung up on all sides that this great agency is soon 
to take the influential place which it is fitted to hold 
among the forces which will lead South America to 
Christ. 

It is a form of religious education open to both 
learned and unlearned. Its chief text-book is already 
in the hands of converts. Free opportunities exist 
for its work in every city and town. It develops 
church attendance. It touches family life by serving 
the children. It provides outlets for the service of 
hundreds of lay members as officers and teachers. 
Future preachers will first prove their gifts in the 
Sunday-school. Future national leaders will be given 



198 SOUTH AMERICAN NEIGHBORS 

vision and purpose. Its influence is already felt in 
social and political life. "It is not uncommon to meet 
a senator or a representative or even a cabinet minister 
who in his boyhood days attended an evangelical 
Sunday-school, an experience which has left an in- 
delible mark on the young statesman." 

Mr. Howard says: "What has been done with 
unscientific methods and poorly trained workers in 
South America heartens us to believe that undreamed- 
of results can be gained with proper preparation." 

Inspirational conventions, teacher training, lesson 
helps prepared on the field, with illustrations, allusions, 
and atmosphere such as to arrest and hold the atten- 
tion of both teacher and pupil, — with the soul-winning 
spirit animating the entire system, crowned with the 
blessing of God, promise the "undreamed-of results" 
of Mr. Howard's statement. 

For the second time God flings down a challenge to 
the evangelical forces to enter South America in 
strength through doors set wide open by his own right 
hand. A century ago James Thompson saw that 
mighty arm open the same lands to Scriptural Chris- 
tianity. He labored like an apostle, but pleaded in 
vain for adequate help, and the first great opportunity 
passed. 

Now again the same voice is saying, "Behold I 
have set before thee a door opened." A new industrial 
era calling for profound social readjustments; the 
opening of new commercial relations with North 
America on a scale that staggers the imagination ; rapid 



CONGRESS AND OUTLOOK 199 

economic development in the more progressive repub- 
lics; the opening of the Panama Canal; the impulses 
of a new Pan-Americanism needing spiritual guidance; 
the call of millions who have cut all religious cables 
and are adrift without chart or compass; and the 
overthrow of religious intolerance in its last citadel 
within the last six months, unite with the world 
changes caused by the Great War in an imperious call 
from our King to give South America spiritual help. 

Will the new commercial relations be Christianized ? 
Can we not so influence those who open branch banks 
and commercial houses that they will select such men 
as their representatives and put into force such methods 
of transacting business as will prove to the people of 
those lands that the moral life of North America and 
Europe is wholesome and dominates the business world 
in which we move? Will not the tourists and the 
journalists and all who come into contact with South 
America cooperate in bringing in a better order ? 

Will the challenge be met ? Will prayer, money, and 
the offering of lives meet this second divine call to 
give a continent the gospel? 

"And I heard the voice of the Lord, saying, Whom 
shall I send, and who will go for us? Then I said, 
Here am I ; send me." 



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APPENDIX C 

BIBLIOGRAPHY* 

Akers, Charles E. A History of South America, 1854-1904. 1904. 
E. P. Dutton and Company, New York. $4.00. 

Argentine Year Book, The. South American Publishing Com- 
pany, Buenos Aires. John Grant & Son, New York. $8.50. 

Bigelow, John. American Policy, 1914. Charles Scribner's 

Sons, New York. $1.00. 
Bingham, Hiram. Across South America. 191 1. Houghton, 

Mifflin & Company, New York. $3.50. 
Blakeslee, George H., Editor. Latin America. Clark University 

Addresses, 1913. 1914. G. E. Stechert & Company, New York. 

$2.50. 
Bowman, Isaiah. South America: A Geography Reader. 191 5. 

Rand, McNally & Company, New York. 75 cents. 
Brown, Hubert W. Latin America. 1901. Fleming H. Rev ell 

Company, New York. $1.20, net. 
Bryce, James. South America: Observations and Impressions. 

1912. The Macmillan Company, New York. $2.50. 
Butterworth, Hezekiah. South America and Panama. 1904. 

Doubleday, Page & Company, New York. $1.00, net. 

Calderon, Garcia. Latin America: Its Rise and Progress. 1913. 
Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. $3.00. 

Carpenter, Frank G. South America. 1900. Saalfield Publishing 
Company, Akron, Ohio. $3.00. 

Cauto, Julio Perez. Economical and Social Progress of the 
Republic of Chile. 1906. Santiago de Chile. 

Church, George E. Aborigines of South America. 1912. Chap- 
man & Hall, London. 10s. 6d. 

Clark, Francis E. The Continent of Opportunity. 1907. Flem- 
ing H. Revell Company, New York. $1.50, net. 

Clemenceau, Georges. South America of To-Day. 191 1. G. P. 
Putnam's Sons, New York. $2.00. 

Cook, W. A. By Horse, Canoe and Float Through the Wilder- 
ness of Brazil. The Werner Company, Akron, Ohio. 



1 A number of articles on South American countries will be found in the current 
secular and religious magazines. 

208 



APPENDIX C 209 

Critchfield, George W., American Supremacy. 2 Vols. 1908. 

Brentano's, New York. $6.00, net. 
Curtis, William E. Between the Andeas and the Ocean. 1900. 

Herbert S. Stone & Company, Chicago. $2.50. 

Dawson, Thomas C. South American Republics. 2 Vols. 1904. 

G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $3.00. 
Delany, Frank G. Argentina from a Grain Man's Point of View. 

1904. Nash- Wright Company, Chicago. $1.00. 

Elliott, G. F. Scott. Chile. 1907. Charles Scribner's Sons, New 

York. $3.00. 
Enock, C. Reginald. Ecuador. 1913. Charles Scribner's Sons, 

New York. $3.00. 
Enock, C. Reginald. The Andes and the Amazon. 1907. Charles 

Scribner's Sons, New York. $5.00. 
Enock, C. Reginald. The Great Pacific Coast. 1910. Charles 

Scribner's Sons, New York. $4.00. 
Enock, C. Reginald. Peru. 1907. Charles Scribner's Sons, New 

York. $3.00. 
Every, Bishop E. F. The Anglican Church in South America. 

191 5. Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 

London. 2s. 6d., net. 

Forrest, A. S. A Tour Through South America. 1914. James 

Pott & Company, New York. $3.00. 
Fraser, John Foster. The Amazing Argentine. 1914. Funk & 

Wagnalls Company, New York. $1.50. 

Gammon, Samuel R. The Evangelical Invasion of Brazil. 1910. 

Presbyterian Committee of Publication, Richmond, Virginia. 

75 cents. 
Glass, F. C. With the Bible in Brazil. 1914. Morgan & Scott, 

London. 2s. 6d., net. 
Grubb, W. Barbrooke. A Church in the Wilds. 1914. E. P. 

Dutton & Company, New York. $1.50, net. 
Grubb, W. Barbrooke. Among the Indians of the Paraguayan 

Chaco. 1904. South American Missionary Society, London. 

is. 6d. 
Grubb, W. Barbrooke. Unknown People in an Unknown Land. 

191 1. J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. $3.50. 
Guinness, Geraldine. Peru: Its Story, People, and Religion. 

1909. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York. $2.50, net. 

Hale, Albert. Practical Guide to South America. 1912. Small, 
Maynard & Company, Boston. $1.00. 

Hale, Albert. The South Americans. 1907. Bobbs-Merrill Com- 
pany, Indianapolis. $2.50, net. 



210 APPENDIX C 

Hall, T. S. South America and the South American Missionary 
Society, (Revised by Alan Ewbank) 1914. South American 
Missionary Society, London. 6d., net. 

Hirst, W. A. A Gmde^to South America. 1915. The Macmillan 
Company, New York. $1.75. 

Keane, A. H. Central and South America. Vol. 1. 1901. J. B. 

Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. $5.50, net. 
Kidder, D. P. and Fletcher, J. E. Brazil and the Brazilians, 

1857. Sorin & Ball, Philadelphia. (Out of print.) 
Kidder, D. P. Sketches of Brazil. 2 Vols. 1845. Sorin & Ball, 

Philadelphia. (Out of print.) 
Koebel, W. H. Argentina, Past and Present. 1914. The Mac- 
millan Company, New York. $5.00. 
Koebel, W. H. Modern Chile. 1913. The Macmillan Company, 

New York. $3.00. 
Koebel, W. H. South America. 1913. The Macmillan Company, 

New York. $2.00. 
Koebel, W. H. Uruguay. 191 1. Charles Scribner's Sons, New 

York. $3.00. 

Lange, Algot. The Lower Amazon. 1914. G. P. Putnam's Sons, 

New York. $2.50, net. 
Lee, John. Religious Liberty in South America. 1907. Eaton & 

Mains, New York. $1.25, net. 

Maitland, Francis J. G. Chile: Its Land and People. 1914. 

Francis Griffiths, London. 
Marwick, W. F. and Smith, W. A. South American Republics. 

1 901. Silver-Burdett Company, New York. 60 cents. 
Moses, Bernard. South America on the Eve of Emancipation. 

1908. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $1.50, net. 

Neely, Thomas B. South America: Its Missionary Problems. 

1909. Missionary Education Movement, New York. 60 cents. 
Newell, Mrs. For Christ and Cuzco. 1907. Regions Beyond 

Missionary Union, London. 50 cents, net. 
Nicholas, Francis E. The Power Supreme. 1908. R. E. Lee 
Company, Boston. $1.50. 

Ortuzar, Adolf o. Chile of To-Day (Yearly Publication). 1907. 
Tribune Association, New York. $5.00. 

Page, Jesse. Captain Allen Gardiner. 1897. Religious Tract 

Society, London, is. 6d. 
Pan-American Union. John Barrett, Director-General. List of 

Publications, Washington. November, 1915. 
Payne, W. and Wilson, C. T. Pioneering in Bolivia. H. A. 

Raymond, London. 2s. 6d. 



APPENDIX C 211 

Peck, Annie S. The South American Tour. 1913. George H. 

Doran Company, New York. $3.50. 
Pepper, C. M. Panama to Patagonia. 1906. A. C. McClurg & 

Company, Chicago. $2.50. 
Porter, Robert P. The Ten Republics. 191 1. George Routledge 

& Son, London. 75 cents. 
Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Peru. 2 Vols. 

1847. T. Y. Crowell & Company, New York. $1.25. 

Ray, G. Whitfield. Through Five Republics on Horseback. 1903. 

Hurley & Watkins, Brantford, Ontario. $1.50. 
Ray, T. B., Editor. Brazilian Sketches. 1912. Baptist World 

Publishing Company, Louisville, 40 cents. 
Reid, William A. A Young Man's Chances in South and Central 

America. 1914. Southern Commercial Congress, Washington, 

D. C. $1.00. 
Ross, Edward A. South of Panama. 191 1. Century Company, 

New York. $2.40. 
Ruhl, Arthur B. The Other Americans. 1908. Charles Scrib- 

ner's Sons, New York. $2.00, net. 

Scruggs, William L. Colombian and Venezuelan Republics. 
1908. Little, Brown & Company, New York. $1.75, net. 

Shaw, Arthur E. Forty Years in the Argentine Republic. 1907. 
Elkin Mathews, London. 

Shepherd, William R. Latin America. 1914. Henry Holt & 
Company, New York. 50 cents. (Home University Library.) 

Sherrill, Charles H. Modernizing the Monroe Doctrine. 1916. 
Houghton, Mifflin Company, New York. $1.25. 

South American Year Book, 1915. Louis Cassier Company, Lon- 
don. $8.00. 

Speer, Robert E. South American Problems. 1912. Student 
Volunteer Movement, New York. 75 cents. 

Tourists' Guide to Missionary Institutions and Religious Services 
in English in the Chief Cities in Latin America. 1915. Inter- 
denominational Committee on the Religious Needs of Anglo- 
American Communities Abroad, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. 

Tucker, Hugh C. The Bible in Brazil. 1902. Fleming H. Revell 
Company, New York. $1.25, net. 

Van Dyke, Harry Weston. Through South America. 1912. 

Thomas Y. Crowell, New York. $2.00. 
Vincent, Frank. Around and About South America. 1908. D. 

Appleton & Company, New York. $5.00. 

Walle, Paul. Bolivia. 1915. Charles Scribner's Sons, New 
York. $3.00, net. 



212 APPENDIX C 

Waterton, C. Wanderings in South America. The Macmillan 

Company, New York. $1.10. (Out of print.) 
Wiborg, Frank. A Commercial Traveler in South America. 

1905. McClure, Phillips & Company, New York. $1.00. 
Winter, Nevin O. Brazil and Her People of To-Day. 1910. 

L. C. Page & Company, Boston. $3.00. 
Winter, Nevin O. Chile. 1912. L. C. Page & Company, Boston. 

$3.00. 
Winter, Nevin O. Guatemala and Her People of To-Day. 1909. 

L. C. Page & Company, Boston. $3.00. 
Wright, Marie Robinson. The New Brazil. 1901. George Barrie 

& Sons, Philadelphia. $10.00. 
Wright, Marie Robinson. The Republic of Chile. 1904. George 

Barrie & Sons, Philadelphia. $10.00. 
Wright, Marie Robinson. The Old and the New Peru. 1906. 

George Barrie & Sons, Philadelphia. $10.00. 

Young, Robert. From Cape Horn to Panama. 1900. South 
American Missionary Society, London. 2s. 6d. 

Zan, M. A. Through South American Southland. 1916. D. Ap- 
pleton & Company, New York. $2.50, net. 

Reports 1 of Congress on Christian Work in Latin America, 
February 10-20, 1916: 

1. Three volumes, containing reports in full of eight Commis- 

sions, with discussions. Advance price per set, $2.00. 
After date of publication, $2.50. Carriage extra in both 
cases. 

2. Report of Regional Conferences, one volume, cloth. Price, 

$1.00, prepaid. 

3. Popular History and Report of the Congress, in English, 

by Professor Harlan P. Beach, of Yale University. 
Cloth. Illustrated. Price, $1.00, prepaid. 

4. Popular History and Report of the Congress in Portuguese, 

by Professor Erasmo Braga, of Brazil. Cloth. Illustrated. 
Price in the United States, $1.00, prepaid. 

5. Popular History and Report of the Congress, in Spanish, by 

Professor Eduardo Monteverde, of Uruguay. Cloth. 
Illustrated. Price in the United States, $1.00, prepaid. 



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